Korupcija na lokalnoj razini zabrinjavajuća je pojava u zemljama Europske unije. Cilj rada je utvrditi obilježja lokalnih vijećnika na drugoj razini vlasti koja opisuju njihovu veću ili manju ...izloženost korupcijskim pritiscima. Istraživanje, provedeno na više od pet tisuća vijećnika iz 14 europskih država, propituje može li se njihov subjektivni dojam o doživljenim korupcijskim pritiscima opisati njihovim socio-demografskim obilježjima. Rezultati klaster analize su pokazali da u državama Europske unije postoje dvije grupe lokalnih vijećnika koje različito doživljavaju izloženost korupciji i da korupcijski rizici više pogađaju lokalne vijećnike u posttranzicijskim zemljama. Članovi klastera lokalnih vijećnika koji se osjećaju manje izloženi korupcijskim pritiscima su iz ‘starih’ zemalja Europske unije, zemalja s općenito nižom prisutnosti korupcije, a to su ujedno klasteri s većim udjelom žena i profesionalnih političara u odnosu na klaster vijećnika koji su pod većim korupcijskim pritiskom. Rezultat koji ponajviše pridonosi postojećoj literaturi je da su opažene statistički značajne razlike u izloženosti korupcijskim pritiscima vijećnika u lokalnim jedinicama veće ili manje fi skalne snage. Svrha rada je bila utvrditi ranjive skupine lokalnih vijećnika u cilju jačanja njihovog integriteta za što su neke preporuke ponuđene u zaključku.
U radu se ispituju korupcijski rizici u javnoj nabavi u Hrvatskoj. Istraživanje je motivirano dilemom koliko je EU članstvo doprinijelo suzbijanju korupcije u javnoj nabavi budući da suzbijanje ...korupcije u Hrvatskoj otkako je članica EU pada u drugi plan, a interes za javne nabave raste u kontekstu ekonomskih neravnoteža i nove europske regulative. Cilj analize je postaviti okvir za istraživanja korupcije u javnoj nabavi u Hrvatskoj. Pregledom relevantne literature i postojećih istraživanja utvrđeno je da njihov fokus ne odgovara specifičnostima javnih nabava u Hrvatskoj. U radu se iznose argumenti da načela javne nabave i EU regulativa nisu dovoljno jamstvo za suzbijanje specifičnih korupcijskih rizika u Hrvatskoj. Formalni propisi u prilog ekonomski najpovoljnije ponude, centralizirane nabave ili e-nabave neće dokinuti zloporabe u sustavu javnih nabava. Zaključno se potvrđuje potreba za novim modelom istraživanja korupcije u javnoj nabavi koji će uvažiti specifičnosti primjene u hrvatskom kontekstu. Rad uz preporuke politike donosi smjernice za buduća istraživanja.
The dissertation examines how the normative and institutional framework of modern public administration creates the work environment conducive to morally right behaviour of public servants, and how ...the normative and institutional framework affects the quality of delievered public services, the process of creation and implementation of public policies, and the protection of public interest. The dissertation also explores how the framework influence the implementation of good administration concept as well as the exercise of fundamental human rights in the long run. The analysis is being conducted on a sample model of the national public administrations in the post-industrial polyarchies (United States, Great Britain, Germany, France and Sweden). The selection criteria for each national model are its importance for development of theory and practice, and its impact on the development on public bureaucracies in other countries. The analysis also embraces the ethical perspective of the public administration reform in Serbia as an example of post-communist country that tries to incorporate and enforce international standards on public administration ethics, and to transfer best practices of old democracies. In terms of time, this research focuses on the last decade of the twentieth and the first decade of the twenty-first century, while in the case of Serbia the time period is reduced to the mandate of the last two Governments. The nature of the dissertation's topic requires the multiple discipline approach, and the use of hypothetico-deductive, comparative and case study research method, as well as historiography, structural-functional analysis, and content analysis method. Historical overview of the rise of bureaucracy and the development of politico-philosophical ideas on good government points out universality of the ethical dimensions of bureaucratsʼ work through centuries and in a plethora of civilisations. The role of modern public administration in today's democratic political system is discussed in the context of a number of theories employed in the field of political science, particularly in study of public administration, while modern public administration ethics is set in the theoretical context of the most important insights of moral philosophy. Having clarified and explained terms and notions related to public administration, ethics in general, and public administration ethics, the author identifies the largest problems that have hampered the functioning of national public administrations in postindustrial polyarchies for the last two decades. Since the morally wrong behaviour of public servants may endanger the life, health, property, and welfare of citizens, the dissertation addresses two types of breaches of public administration ethics — the basic types (corruption, conflict of interest, and other corruption-related breaches); and the marginal types of breaches (less dangerous). The most vulnerable spots for violating ethical standards are being located in policy implementation process, on the basis of empirical and anecdotal evidence, in the following policy sectors: defence and security, communication between corporations and public administration, urban planing, health and education. The departing point of this research is the hypothesis which maintains that well conceived and consistently implemented the normative and institutional framework of public administration creates a work environment that supports morally right behaviour of public servants. Performance based on high ethical standards minimises corruption practices in the public sector, and thus indirectly increases the quality of public services, and provides the design and implementation of public policies in accordance with public interest. In the long run, morally right actions of public servants essentially contribute to the realisation of the concept of good governance and basic human rights, which all together build public trust in the institutions of political system. Hence, a critical examination is to reveal whether both the normative and institutional requirements are properly being developed and embodied in practice, and whether there are any potential structural constraints that may undermine full ethical compliance. The examination was conducted using the pillars of integrity, i.e. four indicators of how solid is base for the application of ethical standards in the performance of public administration: 1) management; 2) the internal mechanisms of determining responsibility; 3) human resources management; and 4) transparency. In the first pillar, relevant indicators are the degree of politicisation of public administration and ethical leadership of public administration managers. In the second pillar, the quality of protection mechanisms “whistleblowers”, disciplinary proceedings and disciplinary actions are analysed. In the third pillar, the selected indicators are the quality of the recruitment procedure, the mechanism of promotion, educational training in ethics, prevention of conflict of interests, and administrative culture. In the fourth pillar, the Ph.D. candidate analyses the exercise of the right to access information, regular disclosure of information related to performance of public administration, and the existence of administrative and political will consistent with the public principle. In addition to these pillars of integrity, the author analyses the impact of the normative and institutional framework of the following mechanisms of the external control of public administration: criminal prosecution and penal policy, performance of the state audit institution and Ombudsman institution, parliamentary oversight and activities of civil society organizations. The effect of normative and institutional framework on setting up an environment conducive to the morally right conduct of assigned public affairs is thoroughly examined from the standpoint of existing and/or potential implications that some decisions — either applied or potentially applicable — have or may have on how public servants choose specific behavioural patterns. Research findings indicate that normative and institutional conditions in postindustrial polyarchies partially create a working environment that supports morally right acts of public servants. Neither any of the analyzed pillars of integrity nor any of external control mechanisms fully embody the basic principles of deontological model and the model of virtue ethics — either because of poor design or because it is not fully built, or due to dysfunctions in the performance. Each pillar of integrity as well as each external control mechanism taken individually has its own flaws that are not much disruptive, but as they interact with each other they prevent the formation of a stable ethical work environment. Eventually, the biggest threat comes from using the tacit minimalist approach to ethical compliance in public administration — which does already seem to be widespread in old democracies — because this sort of approach leaves the national administrative culture in the “vicious circle” of imposing moral heteronomy. When it comes to Serbia, the context in which the public administration ethics is to be established is far more difficult than in the post-industrial polyarchies, primarily due to deep rooted administrative tradition inherited from the previous authoritarian regime, with the mindset insensitive to moral thinking and decision making. International standards are largely incorporated into the domestic legal and institutional framework, but the legislation is still incomplete, and contains a number of legal gaps and imprecise provisions. Building a work environment in public administration favourable to the development of practice of respecting ethical standards is being hampered by the high degree of politicisation of the public administration managers, poor human resources management and the slow eradication of the culture of secrecy. The new external control mechanisms — the ombudsman, supreme state auditors and new organizational units in the police and judiciary in charge of fighting corruption — in a very short time have started to bear fruit, but the National Assembly have not used fully its control powers, while the civil society organisations have failed to establish effective oversight of the Serbian public administration. The limited results of criminal prosecution and penal policy with a view to serious violations of ethical standards, are outcome of structural weaknesses in the organisation of policing and justice and of the criminal prosecution “campaigns” motivated primarily by constant clash of party interests in political arena. It is unlikely that the survival of the administrative tradition that is so insensitive to ethics may ensure strict compliance with job duties in the long-term perspective. The author concludes that in such circumstances the majority of Serbian public servants are not able to carry out a tremendous and complex task of meeting the EU standards, ѕо as to Serbia will become — at least technically — ready for full membership.
Disertacija nastoji da utvrdi kako normativne i institucionalne pretpostavke organizacije rada savremene javne uprave stvaraju okruženje pogodno za moralno ispravno postupanje javnih službenika i time utiču na kvalitet pružanja javnih usluga, oblikovanje i sprovođenje javnih politika i zaštitu javnih interesa, a dugoročno na ostvarenje koncepta dobre uprave i osnovnih ljudskih prava i demokratskih vrednosti. Analiza je sprovedena na uzorku modela organizacije javnih uprava u postindustrijskim poliarhijama (američkom, britanskom, nemačkom, francuskom i švedskom), a kriterijum odabira je bio značaj za razvoj teorije i prakse javne uprave i uticaj na razvoj birokratije u ostalim zemljama. Analiza je usmerena i na etičku ravan reforme javne uprave u Srbiji, kao postkomunističkoj zemlji koja pokušava da ugradi i primeni međunar
Pranje novca, zlouporaba stanja imovine, krivotvorenja novčano-računovodstvenih izvješća poduzetnika i korupcija postali su globalni poduzetnički problem i velika briga i izazov svakog društva. U tom ...ozračju nalazi se i Republika Hrvatska. Sprječavanje pranja novca, zlouporabe stanja imovine, krivotvorenja novčano-računovodstvenih izvješća i korupcije pri poduzetniku odgovornost je ravnateljstva odnosno uprave (menadžmenta). To je moguće nesmetanim funkcioniranjem računovodstvenoga informacijskog sustava odnosno računovodstva i sustava unutarnje kontrole. Navedeni sustavi smanjuju, ali ne i otklanjaju spomenute negativnosti.
Razvoj funkcije eksterne javne revizije, kao dio sveukupne eksterne revizije, nužno je promatrati kao dugoročni, kontinuirani proces koji mora da prođe kroz različite razvojne faze. To se najbolje ...prepoznaje u neminovno postepenoj izgradnji nužnih kapaciteta za reviziju, posebno kvalitetnog kadrovskog potencijala, postepenom ulasku u različite oblike eksterne javne revizije, postepenom povećanju razine razumijevanja stvarne uloge i dometa eksternih javnih revizora, itd. U uvjetima ekonomske i financijske krize, posebno kada postoji izražena percepcija o visokom nivou korupcije i drugih nezakonitih pojava u javnom sektoru, u javnosti se snažno artikulira potreba efikasnog utvrđivanja odgovornosti (prije svega krivične) osoba koje rukovode aktivnostima entiteta javnog sektora. Iz perspektive realno mogućeg utjecaja eksterne javne revizije na zakonitost i pravilnost u poslovanju entiteta javnog sektora, do posebnog izražaja dolazi revizija usklađenosti. Međutim, upravo stvarni i realni dometi revizije usklađenosti predstavljaju jedan od najvećih izazova pred kojim se nalaze eksterni javni revizori, jer ova vrsta revizije je nesumnjivo najviše udaljena od izvornih načela i principa eksterne revizije a najviše se, u odnosu na druge oblike eksterne revizije, približava oblastima za koje tradicionalni eksterni revizori, po prirodi stvari, nemaju niti mogu da imaju dovoljno profesionalnih znanja i vještina. S druge strane, najveći doprinos unapređenju sistema upravljanja javnim sredstvima u nekom pravnom entitetu eksterni javni revizoru mogu dati kroz obavljanje kvalitetnih i svrsishodnih revizija učinka, kao jednog od tri oblika eksternih revizija prepoznatih kroz relevantni globalni okvir međunarodnih standarda revizije. Fokus ove revizije je u ocjeni ekonomičnosti, efikasnosti i efektivnosti u funkcioniranju entiteta javnog sektora i jedino ova revizija može da pokaže da li se, inače nedostajuća javna sredstva, koriste za zaista opravdane namjene i u skladu s utvrđenim strategijama i programima na određenim razinama vlasti.
"Obojane" revolucije u postsovjetskim zemljama bile su na zapadu slavljene kao dokaz nesumnjive snage demokracije u suvremenom svijetu. No, razočaranje je nastupilo vrlo brzo.
Korupcija i suzbijanje korupcije u RH Korunić Križarić, Lana; Kolednjak, Marijana; Petričević, A.
Tehnički glasnik,
07/2011, Letnik:
5, Številka:
1
Paper
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Tema ovog članka je korupcija u Hrvatskoj i aktivnosti koje su Vlada Republike Hrvatske i druga tijela vlasti, udruge i građani kao pojedinci poduzeli na suzbijanju korupcije njezinom otkrivanju i ...sankcioniranju.
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Svjesna ozbiljnosti problema korupcije Vlada RH odlučna je u svojim nastojanjima da iskorijeni korupciju iz društva. Sprječavanje korupcije na svim razinama ključ je uspješne antikorupcijske politike, ali i obveza RH koja proizlazi iz Konvencije UN-a protiv korupcije, te relevantnih dokumenata Vijeća Europe i Europske unije.
Lk 3, 12–14 pripovijeda o odgovorima Ivana Krstitelja na pitanja carinika i vojnika. Ti odgovori se u ovom radu tumače kao mjere protiv korupcije. Tekst stoga pruža uvid u neetičke prakse u ...novozavjetno doba i pokušaje vjerskih predstavnika da govore protiv njih. Koristeći sinkronijski pristup povijesno kritičke metode egzegeze, rad zaključuje da poruka Ivana Krstitelja daje uvid u razloge korupcije među carinicima i vojnicima iz doba Novoga zavjeta. Ti razlozi uključuju »neživljenje u skladu sa svojim mogućnostima« i »nepostupanje u skladu sa zakonom«. Ovaj rad potiče vjerske predstavnike da govore protiv korupcije i budu uzorni u svom ponašanju.
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