Autorka u radu izlaže osnove učenja o subjektima prekršajne odgovornosti u pravu Republike Srbije. Ova materija regulisana je odredbama Zakona o prekršajima iz 2013. Zakon poznaje dve kategorije ...prekršajno odgovornih subjekata: fizička lica u širem smislu i pravna lica.Odgovornost fizičkih lica je subjektivna i njen je osnov krivica. Krivicase sastoji od tri konstitutivna elementa: uračunljivosti, umišljaja i nehata i svesti o protivpravnosti. Pravna lica sa druge strane odgovarajupo principu objektivne odgovornosti, koja počiva na propuštanju nadzora ili kontrole u slučaju izvedene odgovornosti, odnosno na nedostacima u organizaciji u slučaju autonomne odgovornosti. U radu sedaje prikaz osnova i uslova odgovornosti obe kategorije prekršajno odgovornih subjekata. Prikazana su zakonska rešenja, kao i doktrinarnistavovi. Takođe, predstavljene su i odluke sudova iz materije prekršajnog prava, ali i pojedine odluke iz krivičnopravne materije, koje zbogbliskosti ove dve pravne discipline mogu biti od značaja za pravilnorazumevanje i tumačenje instituta prekršajnog prava.
In the Republic of Serbia, misdemeanour law is considered to be a part of penal law, alongside criminal law and the law of economic offences. Its general part and the rules of procedure are regulated by the Law on Misdemeanours, which was enacted in 2013, while the special part is contained in various laws and bylaws. Subjects of misdemeanour responsibility can be grouped into two categories: natural persons in the broader sense (a natural person, entrepreneur, responsible person within a legal person and within a state authority, an authority of territorial autonomy or within the authority of local self-government) and legal persons. A natural person is liable for a misdemeanour for which the fault is attributable to the person because he/she was mentally competent and the misdemeanour was committed with premeditation or negligently, and was aware or should and could have been aware that the action was prohibited (Art. 18, para. 1). The responsibility of natural persons is therefore subjective and presupposes fault. On the other hand, the responsibility of a legal person is considered to be objective. The Law on Misdemeanours regulates two types of penal responsibility of legal entities: one is based on the findings of the identification doctrine, and the legal entity is responsible for the acts and omissions of the agent controlling corporate activities; the second is a form of autonomous liability which rests on the organizational flaws of the company itself. In this paper, the author analyses the grounds and conditions of penal responsibility of all the above-mentioned subjects. The author presents the legal solutions of the Law on Misdemeanours, the main doctrinal views on this matter, and the most relevant decisions of domestic courts.
This dissertation focuses on the issue of scope and calculation of the
damages for the breach of the contract for the international sale of goods.
In other words, the author seeks to define specific ...kinds of damages which
are deemed recoverable pursuant to the UN Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods and to discuss particular conditions for recovery
of such damages, delineate the methods of calculation of the actual amount of
damages due and point out the factors of limitation of that amount. It is
undisputed that the efficiency in exercising the right to claim damages is a
conditio sine qua non of efficient trade. Therefore, the purpose of this
thesis is to provide for a systematization of an important area of law which
has unfortunately not been in the focus of the Serbian legal literature so
far. The aim is to identify the governing principles of this area of law,
define a coherent system and methodology of calculation of different kinds of
damages and put forward modern theoretical and practical tendencies with
respect to specific kinds of damages. The relevance of this topic is twofold.
On the one hand, the topic is important because of its scientific and
theoretic aspect. Namely, the issues covered by this thesis have not been
sufficiently discussed in the Serbian legal literature. On the other hand,
the topic bears a practical significance since the issue of calculation of
damages is often discussed in judicial and arbitral case law. In that
respect, it should be noted that only a correctly defined scope of damages
and appropriatly chosen method of calculation of damages is likely to produce
positive effects to the assets of the creditor and, indirectly, in the
economic system of the country of its seat. The thesis consists of an
introduction, five parts and a conclusion. It contains more than 1000
references to contemporary authors and other legal sources which
appropriately reflect the modern stage of comparative law in the field of our
study. Apart from the basic, normative method, the thesis also uses the
comparative and historical method. The research was based on domestic and
foreign scientific resources, numerous commentaries of the CISG, monographs
and papers. In the light of the request for uniform application of the CISG,
an abundant judicial and arbitral caseload (more than 500 decisions from
around 30 countries) represented a valuable tool for analyzing, criticizing
and systematizing the tendencies in the application of the CISG in case of
damages for the breach of contract by both Serbian and international fora.
The hypotheses behind this work relate to: 1. the issue of recoverability of
specific kinds of damages (e.g. loss of chance, attorney’s fees, loss to
business reputation, etc.), and 2. the issues relevant for the methodology of
calculation of damages (e.g. calculation of damages when cover purchase (or
sale) was performed without prior avoidance of the contract, disgorgement of
profits and methods of calculation of damages for anticipatory breach). These
two groups of issues have first been critically examined in the light of
different theoretic and practical approaches and then commented by the author
in order to confirm the initial hypotheses: 1) The recovery of damages is the
basic, the most important and permanently available creditor’s remedy in case
of breach of contract in the system of the CISG, subject to fulfillment of
all the preconditions to exercising this remedy (existence of the breach,
damages and causal link between them and the absence of excusing
circumstances, irrespective of fault of the debtor); 2) The principle of full
compensation is the basic criterion for determining the scope of damages,
calculating its amount and answering other relevant questions for excercise
of the right to claim damages; 3) The principles of foreseeability of
damages, the mitigation of damages and the party autonomy are the basic
methods of limiting the amount of damages, while calculation of damages in
concreto should always take precedence over the calculation of damages in
abstracto; 4) Damages provisions of the CISG need to be interpreted
autonomously with due regard to its uniform application. Upon scientific
analysis and verification of the initial hypotheses in the light of the
reasoning contained in numerous judicial and arbitral decisions and relevant
legal doctrine, the author formulates the conclusions of her research with
respect to the (a) scope of recoverable damages and (b) methods of
calculation of damages: a) Loss to reputation, exchange rate loss and loss of
chance are recoverable losses pursuant to the rules of the CISG, whereas
attorney’s fees may not be recovered in the system of the Convention; b)
Calculation of damages on the basis of cover purchase (or sale) is possible
even when the contract had not been avoided; additionally, the creditor is
entitled to damages even before the contractual obligation became due, but he
also has a duty to prevent such damages; however, there is no room for
calculating damages on the basis of disgorgement of profits. Bearing in mind
the tendencies set by the CISG have profoundly influenced the regulation of
the entire contract law on international, regional and national levels, the
conclusions reached in the present dissertation may be used as guidelines in
conceptualizing the reform of the existing legal framework for contracts for
the sale of goods in Serbia, a task which has recently been undertaken by a
working group for preparing a draft Civil Code of Serbia. Considering the
problems perceived in application of the CISG by domestic courts and arbitral
tribunals sitting in Serbia, the results of the present research may
contribute to the decrease of judicial and arbitral discretion in calculating
damages. This would promote and reinforce legal certainty and predictability
in international trade relations, which would certainly help persons involved
in international trade in exercising and protecting their rights more easily.
Predmet ovog rada jeste određivanje obima naknade štete zbog povrede ugovora
o međunarodnoj prodaji, odnosno definisanje pojedinih oblika štete koji se
mogu nadoknaditi prema odredbama Bečke konvencije o ugovorima o međunarodnoj
prodaji robe, uz razmatranje posebnih uslova za naknadu štete, metoda
odmeravanja visine naknade štete, kao i načina ograničenja obima naknade.
Nesporno je da bez efikasne mogućnosti ostvarivanja prava na naknadu štete
nema ni efikasne privrede. Otud je i cilj ovog rada sistematizacija jedne
važne pravne oblasti, do sada nedovoljno razmatrane u našoj stručnoj
literaturi, iznalaženje rukovodnih načela za njeno pravilno razumevanje, te
ustanovljenje koherentnog sistema i metodologije odmeravanja naknade
različitih oblika štete, sa posebnim osvrtom na pojedine oblike štete i
moderne tendencije u razmatranju ovog instituta, kako u teoriji tako i u
praksi. Ova tema je od posebnog značaja, s jedne strane, u naučno-teorijskom
smislu, jer je reč o nedovoljno obrađenoj materiji pre svega u domaćoj
stručnoj literaturi, a s druge strane i u praktičnom smislu, imajući u vidu
učestalost raspravljanja o zahtevima za naknadu štete baziranim na Konvenciji
u sudskoj i arbitražnoj praksi i pozitivne efekte koji se samo pravilno
određenim obimom i odmerenim iznosom visine naknade štete mogu postići
neposredno u imovini poverioca i posredno u privrednom sistemu zemlje
njegovog sedišta. Rad obuhvata uvod, pet poglavlja i zaključna razmatranja sa
preko 1000 referenci (fusnota) upućivanja na druge savremene autore i
različite pravne izvore, koji na primeren način odražavaju stanje aktuelne
uporednopravne nauke u ovoj oblasti. U radu su pored normativnog metoda kao
osnovnog, korišćeni i uporednopravni i istorijski metod. Relevantnu
istraživačku građu čine domaći i strani izvori iz ove oblasti, brojni
komentari Konvencije, dela monografskog karaktera i članci. Isto tako,
imajući u vidu zahtev Konvencije za njenom jednoobraznom primenom, korišćena
je i obimna sudska i arbitražna praksa (preko 500 sudskih i arbitražnih
odluka iz 30-ak zemalja), što predstavlja posebno značajnu istraživačku građu
u analizi, kritici i sistemskom izlaganju uočenih tendencija u praksi primene
Konvencije u zemlji i inostranstvu, a kada je o naknadi štete zbog povrede
ugovora reč. Hipoteze na kojima je zasnovano istraživanje pri izradi ove
doktorske disertacije, odnose se na 1. pitanja naknade pojedinih oblika štete
(npr. naknada štete usled izgubljene prilike za zaključenje ugovora, naknada
troškova zastupanja, naknada nematerijalne štete i dr.), i 2. na pitanja
značajna za metodologiju odmeravanja naknade štete (npr. odmeravanja obima
naknade štete kad je izvršena kupovina, odnosno prodaja radi pokrića, a
ugovor nije prethodno raskinut, naknada štete imajući u vidu korist koju je
dužnik ostvario povredom ugovora, kao i na koji se način može odmeriti šteta
za slučaj povrede ugovorne obaveze pre dospeća). Ove dve grupe pitanja su
najpre kritički analizirane sa aspekta različitih stavova koji su već o njima
izneti u teoriji, a koji su imali odjeka i u praksi, a zatim praćene stavom
autora koji potvrđuje osnovne hipoteze na kojima je ovo naučno istraživanje
inicijalno zasnovano: 1) da je naknada štete osnovno, najvažnije i uvek
dostupno sredstvo pravne zaštite poverioca za slučaj povrede ugovora u
sistemu Bečke konvencije, ukoliko su ispunjeni svi uslovi za njegovo
korišćenje (postojanje povrede ugovora, štete i uzročne veze, uz istovremeno
nepostojanje oslobađajućih okolnosti, pri čemu se odgovornost za naknadu
štete ne zasniva na krivici); 2) da je načelo potpune naknade štete osnovni
kriterijum za određivanje obima naknade štete, kako u pogledu vrsta štete
koje se mogu naknaditi, tako i u pogledu odmeravanja visine naknade, i za
davanje odgovora na druga važna pitanja za ostvarenje prava na naknadu štete;
3) da su načela predvidljivosti štete, sprečavanja (prevencije) štete i
načelo autonomije volje osnov
Roman Prokleta avlija nije samo literarni ostvaraj iznimne književnoumjetničke
vrijednosti nego je i filozofična priča s mnoštvom egzistencijalističkih tema, što ne
iznenađuje jer je Andrić bio ...upućen u suvremenu mu filozofiju, osobito onu s egzistencijalističkim
predznakom, iz koje je obilato crpio građu za refleksije o životu
te psihološku karakterizaciju svojih likova. U pervertiranoj stvarnosti dvadesetoga
stoljeća, u gotovo posve opustošenu misaonu krajobrazu spoznaja svijeta kao
pakla i katastrofičnosti nametala se sama od sebe. Tu dramu Andrić znalački
prikazuje u svome djelu smještajući radnju u zloglasni turski zatvor koji je zapravo
paradigma posvemašnjega raščovječenja i razvlaštenja ljudskoga duha što se
dogodilo u visokociviliziranome i tehnički moćnome dvadesetom stoljeću. O istim
su pojavcima pisali i filozofi egzistencije pa se, dakako, daju povući određene usporednice
između Andrića i primjerice Jaspersa, Sartrea i Heideggera. Tako se
susreću zajednički im motivi kao što su bačenost u svijet, paradoks, napuštenost,
ugroženost, borba, krivica, rezignacija, tjeskoba, očaj, smrt, ništavilo. Riječ je o
tzv. egzistencijalima, odnosno osnovnim fenomenima ljudskoga postojanja koji su
u središte zanimanja došli osobito u doba katastrofā svake vrste.
