The treaties to suppress the slave trade were the subject of intense legal battles in the first half of the 19th century. This book explores the legal disputes about the Anglo Brazilian treaty to ...highlight the political importance of what initially looks like mere argumentative hurdles over the rules and proceedings regarding the search and capture of ships. It reveals the complex legal translations of state inequality, abolition and slavery, as well as war and peace.
This article aims to describe the management of zakat in Indonesia in a political and legal perspective carried out by BAZNAS (Badan Amil Zakat Infaq and Sadaqah) and LAZ (Lembaga Amil Zakat). ...Management of zakat management in a political-law approach is manifested in the zakat management regulations in Indonesia, namely Law no. 23 of 2011 concerning Zakat Management. Through literature research with a political-law approach, this research finds the following three points. First, the existence of BAZNAS is legitimized by law as a non-structural institution under the President, which has the authority to manage zakat, whether it is the collection, distribution or development of zakat assets. Second, as a consequence, taxes that have been paid through central BAZNAS or regional BAZNAS can reduce taxable assets. Third, BAZNAS has the power to recommend LAZ as well as supervise LAZ's performance at all levels, and the results are reported to BAZNAS.
Zakat sebagai Sumber Investasi Hejazziey, Djawahir
Al-Iqtishad : Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah,
11/2015, Letnik:
3, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Beside as a tool of worship, zakah can be a source of productive economic development tools for the poor. Zakah is expected to improve the economy of the poor. So, there is a norm that states, zakah ...aimed at not only circulate wealth among the wealthy. If the property is still managed for consumptive purposes, of course they will spend it just to the rich. Therefore, zakah should be developed in the form of investment so that the profits of fixed assets flow to mustahiq zakah.DOI: 10.15408/aiq.v3i2.2131
Zakat sebagai Sumber Investasi Djawahir Hejazziey
Al-Iqtishad : Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah,
11/2015, Letnik:
3, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Beside as a tool of worship, zakah can be a source of productive economic development tools for the poor. Zakah is expected to improve the economy of the poor. So, there is a norm that states, zakah ...aimed at not only circulate wealth among the wealthy. If the property is still managed for consumptive purposes, of course they will spend it just to the rich. Therefore, zakah should be developed in the form of investment so that the profits of fixed assets flow to mustahiq zakah. DOI:
The 1920 Treaty of Sèvres between the Allied Powers and Turkey can undoubtedly be described as one of the most significant international treaties of the 20th century. Aiming at reshaping the Middle ...East, it laid the foundation for the British Empire to reach the peak of its territorial expansion shortly after it was signed. The fact that the treaty has been little noticed in the German-speaking world is probably also due to the fact that until now there has been no complete translation of the treaty into German. The aim of this work is now to provide such a translation and to place the Treaty of Sèvres in the context of the Paris Peace Treaties.
I argue that a range of morphological phenomena sensitive to features of multiple arguments in Georgian (South Caucasian)—including Anti-Superiority ef- fects (Béjar
2003
), and omnivorous number ...effects (Nevins
2011
) – receive a unified account if spellout targets contiguous spans of maximally simple heads, in a fixed hierarchy. I introduce new data from a related language, Laz, and show that a close comparison of the two languages reveals that (i) number agreement is expressed om- nivorously only if the prefix is not sensitive to number, and that (ii) this number expression covaries with Tense only if the subject is third person. I argue that both Anti-Superiority and the facts about number expression should be interpreted as fu- sional morphology being limited to third person contexts, and that a principled expla- nation for such an asymmetry can be provided, if first and second person structurally contain third person, and the matching of exponents with syntactic structure is gov- erned by Overspecification (Starke
2009
), such that a lexicalized span is a candidate of spellout for its sub-spans.
BACKGROUND:HIV-uninfected infants of HIV-positive women may experience worse growth and health outcomes than infants of HIV-negative women, but this has not been thoroughly investigated under the ...World Health Organizationʼs most recent recommendations to reduce vertical transmission.
OBJECTIVE:To determine whether HIV-exposed and -uninfected (HEU) infants whose mothers received Option B+ have higher odds of experiencing suboptimal growth trajectories than HIV-unexposed, -uninfected infants, and if this relationship is affected by food insecurity.
DESIGN:Repeated anthropometric measures were taken on 238 infants (HEU = 86) at 1 week and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after delivery in Gulu, Uganda. Latent class growth mixture modeling was used to develop trajectories for length-for-age z-scores, weight-for-length z-scores, mid-upper arm circumference, sum of skinfolds, and arm fat area. Multinomial logistic models were also built to predict odds of trajectory class membership, controlling for socioeconomic factors.
RESULTS:HEU infants had greater odds of being in the shortest 2 length-for-age z-scores trajectory classes odds ratio (OR) = 3.80 (1.22–11.82), OR = 8.72 (1.80–42.09) and higher odds of being in smallest sum of skinfolds trajectory class OR = 3.85 (1.39–10.59) vs. unexposed infants. Among HEU infants, increasing food insecurity was associated with lower odds of being in the lowest sum of skinfolds class OR = 0.86 (0.76–0.98).
CONCLUSIONS:There continues to be differences in growth patterns by HIV-exposure under the new set of World Health Organization guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and the feeding of HEU infants in low-resource settings that are not readily identified through traditional mixed‐effects modeling. Food insecurity was not associated with class membership, but differentially affected adiposity by HIV-exposure status.
The creation of 39 Mixed Arbitral Tribunals (‘MATs’) was a major contribution of the post-World War I peace treaties to the development of international adjudication. With over 90 000 claims handled, ...the MATs were the busiest international courts of the interwar period. Moreover, in a departure from most other international courts and tribunals at that time, they allowed individuals to file claims against sovereign states before them. After 1945, they inspired the creators of the European Court of Justice before disappearing into quasi-oblivion. Relying on legal and historical research, including new archival findings, this volume is specifically dedicated to these pioneering institutions.
Our modern legal system is based on the principle of equality. But is equality perhaps not also a concept that inadequately describes the complexity of normative orders? Highly differentiated ...societies with a multitude of collective identities and functional rationalities are in a permanent state of tension with this legal postulate. The contributions to this volume examine how this tension has developed in Europe and Latin America over the last 200 years
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