Allocation efficiency Theory explained that if existing endowment allocation depleted, so efficiency allocation is achieved. This concept does not explain whether the existing endowment distribution ...have been done justice. So injustice distribution can be resolved. In Islamic Economic there is a revenue distribution system fulfillment with priority scale. The indicator of need based on Maqoshid Syariah. This research describe allocation efficiency based on Maqoshid Syariah to distribution pattern LAZ in Palembang took LAZ Dompet Duafa as a sample. This research to citation the collection and distribution fund of ZIS Dompet Duafa from 2014-2015. This research is explorative semantic analysis and domain analysis to citation work program within the framework Maqoshid Syariah. The result is distribution pattern show that Dompet Duafa still efficient and remain as institution which able to increase production possibility frontier to achieve human welfare.
The main aim of this article is to explore different strategies of boundary making and unmaking by a minority ethnic group. I apply the theories of “boundary work” and constructivist understanding of ...ethnicity and nationhood to the case of the Laz, one of the autochthons of the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. I analyze two main strategies—boundary crossing and contraction—in the context of three sets of encounters and interactions, with Turks/Turkishness, people of Black Sea—Karadenizli—and Kurds/Kurdishness. First, I argue that assimilating into the official Turkish identity is one of the strategies adopted by the ethnic Laz. The Laz are incorporated into Turkishness both by their search for economic mobility, status, and by assimilationist policies of the state especially aimed at the spread of Turkish. To become a full-fledged true member of the nation and access to potential benefits, Turkishness through language shift has been realized that allowed boundary crossing of the Laz. Second, I state that despite the efforts of the top-down assimilationist policies, noncontentious ethnic identities can be reproduced by means of symbolic boundaries. The Laz contextually activate symbolic boundaries in informal settings by contracting from other people of Black Sea—Karadenizli—or ethnic Turkishness. The ethnic language is substituted by nonthreatening ethnic performances and rhetoric, less marked and more subjective traits of self-asserted differences. Such symbolic boundaries correspond to unofficial forms of hierarchies and competition over local belongings. Third, the analysis of the Laz–Kurd relationship unveils that ethnic boundaries can be redefined according to changing conditions. The impact of the Kurds on the Laz identity, either by means of personal acquaintances or the relationship between the state and the Kurdish national movement, is imperative. It triggers contradictions in the Laz identity by revealing new potential redefinitions and recasting of boundaries.
Gorski kotar prepoznat je u hrvatskoj dijalektološkoj literaturi već pri prvim istraživanjima kao tronarječno područje, a kao eklatantan primjer jezične raznolikosti nerijetko je istican mjesni govor ...Staroga Laza. Upravo nas je uvriježeno mišljenje o Starome Lazu kao punktu svih triju narječja nagnalo na ovo istraživanje.
Govor Staroga Laza spominjan je dosad samo u kontekstu skupine čakavskih govora u Gorskome kotaru, a rezultati su tih pojedinih istraživanja pokazali da se u sredini sela govori najviše čakavskim ikavsko-ekavskim govorom „slavičkoga tipa”, tj. primorskim poddijalektom navedena dijalekta. Taj se čakavski idiom nadovezuje na primorski krak ikavsko-ekavskih čakavskih govora od Zlobina preko Benkovca Fužinskog, Slemena, Slavice i Brestove Drage spajajući se s kontinentalnim poddijalektom ikavsko-ekavskoga dijalekta u Jablanu, Presiki i Vrbovskom. Na istočnoj strani sela, prema Ravnoj Gori, starolaški je govor kajkavski, bliži ravnogorskomu, koji pripada zapadnomu poddijalektu kajkavskoga goranskog dijalekta, a na zapadnoj je strani sela u susjedstvu štokavskih mjesta Općine Mrkopalj bliži novoštokavskomu ikavskom govoru, kakav je u Mrkoplju.
O tome je dosad malo pisano, kao i o većini goranskih čakavaca, što nas je dodatno potaknulo na ispitivanje izvornih starolaških govornika. Ovim se istraživanjem nastoji potvrditi ili opovrgnuti teza o starolaškoj tronarječnosti, tj. analizom prikupljene građe u radu se podastire suvremenija dijalektna slika toga područja.
Infants born to HIV-infected women are at increased risk of impaired neurodevelopment, but little research has attempted to identify modifiable risk factors. The objective of this prospective cohort ...analysis was to identify maternal, socioeconomic, and child correlates of psychomotor and mental development in the first 18 mo of life among Tanzanian infants born to HIV-infected women. We hypothesized that child HIV infection, morbidity, and undernutrition would be associated with lower developmental status when taking into consideration maternal health and socioeconomic factors. Baseline maternal characteristics were recorded during pregnancy, birth characteristics were collected immediately after delivery, infant micronutrient status was measured at 6 wk and 6 mo, and anthropometric measurements and morbidity histories were performed at monthly follow-up visits. The Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) and Mental Development Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition (BSID-II) were used to assess developmental functioning at 6, 12, and 18 mo of age. Multivariate repeated regression models with time-varying covariates were used to estimate adjusted mean MDI and PDI scores for each level of the variables. A total of 311 infants contributed ≥1 BSID-II assessments for 657 PDI and 655 MDI measurements. Of infants, 51% were male, 23% were born preterm, 7% were low birth weight, and 10% were HIV-positive at 6 wk. Preterm birth, child HIV infection, stunting, and wasting were independently associated with lower PDI and MDI scores. Strategies to lower mother-to-child transmission of HIV, prevent preterm birth, and enhance child growth could contribute to improved child psychomotor and mental development.
In this study, the authors investigate L2 − L∞ containment control problem of multi-agent systems with multiple stationary leaders and external disturbances. Furthermore, the interaction topology is ...Markovian switching and non-uniform time-varying delays are considered. By using a model transformation, the containment control problem of the multi-agent systems is turned into a normal L2 − L∞ control problem. Based on the theory in stochastic stability for time-delays systems, sufficient conditions in terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities are given to ensure that all the followers will move into the convex hull formed by the leaders in mean square sense with a prescribed L2 − L∞ performance. Two numerical simulations are provided to show the effectiveness of theoretical results.
Collection and Distribution of Zakah Funds to Mustahiq is the main goal of Amil Zakah Institution (LAZ). In Its Management, Laz Ummat Sejahtera has program to reach its target. Zakah funds, both ...collection and distribution funds must be efficient, because LAZ USP is a trusthworthyand professional institution of Zakah that belongs to society. This research aims to analyze the efficiency rate of zakah funds on LAZ USP in poverty allevation and to measure the influence of staff management to the efficiency of zakah funds. The researcher use interviewand documentation method. The interview was held to the staff LAZ USP. This research is a field research in form of quantitative by processing data which is obtained from documentation of financial reports LAZ USP 2008-2013. The standard to measure the efficiency is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA is a nonparametric method. It is a linear programming model, used to measure technical efficiency. The analysis will show scale 0 to 1 or 0% to 100% on the zakah funds, according to its efficiency rates. In spite of that, this research will use multiple regression to know the influence of staff managements to efficiency of Zakah Funds. The Analysis presented the efficiency rate in 2008-2009 is still in inefficiency condition, because the efficiency rate in 2008 is 97,8% and in 2009 is 99,7%. In 2010 to 2013, the efficiency rate is 100%. It indicates the maximumwas reached. The analysis with multiple regression shows that the whole management of staff has a significant influence to the efficiency of Zakah Funds. But, personally, only program management that has a significant influence to the efficiency of Zakah Funds with T Count is 2,161 and T Table is 2,02, and = 0,05.Finally, Researher hopes to LAZ USP to keep its efficiency of Zakah Funds, because collection and distributionof Zakah Funds is the main Goal of LAZ. It can be done by improving the management of staff LAZ USP, especially program management.
This study discusses a new method for approximating compression operators, which play important roles in the operator-theoretic approach to sampled-data systems and time-delay systems. Stimulated by ...the success in the application of quasi-finite-rank approximation of compression operators defined on the Hilbert space L20, h), the authors study a parallel problem for compression operators defined on the Banach space L∞0, h). In spite of similarity between these problems, they are led to applying a completely different approach because of essential differences in the underlying spaces. More precisely, they apply the idea of the conventional fast-sample/fast-hold (FSFH) approximation technique, and show that the approximation problem can be transformed into such a linear programming problem that asymptotically leads to optimal approximation as the FSFH approximation parameter M tends to infinity. Finally, they demonstrate the effectiveness of the L∞0, h)-based approximation technique through numerical examples, with particular application to stability analysis of time-delay systems.
More than 20 million babies are born with low birthweight annually. Small newborns have an increased risk for mortality, growth failure, and other adverse outcomes. Numerous antenatal risk factors ...for small newborn size have been identified, but individual interventions addressing them have not markedly improved the health outcomes of interest. We tested a hypothesis that in low‐income settings, newborn size is influenced jointly by multiple maternal exposures and characterized pathways associating these exposures with newborn size. This was a prospective cohort study of pregnant women and their offspring nested in an intervention trial in rural Malawi. We collected information on maternal and placental characteristics and used regression analyses, structural equation modelling, and random forest models to build pathway maps for direct and indirect associations between these characteristics and newborn weight‐for‐age Z‐score and length‐for‐age Z‐score. We used multiple imputation to infer values for any missing data. Among 1,179 pregnant women and their babies, newborn weight‐for‐age Z‐score was directly predicted by maternal primiparity, body mass index, and plasma alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein concentration before 20 weeks of gestation, gestational weight gain, duration of pregnancy, placental weight, and newborn length‐for‐age Z‐score (p < .05). The latter 5 variables were interconnected and were predicted by several more distal determinants. In low‐income conditions like rural Malawi, maternal infections, inflammation, nutrition, and certain constitutional factors jointly influence newborn size. Because of this complex network, comprehensive interventions that concurrently address multiple adverse exposures are more likely to increase mean newborn size than focused interventions targeting only maternal nutrition or specific infections.
Infant feeding practices generally influence infant growth, but it is unclear how introduction of specific foods affects growth across global populations. We studied 3 urban populations in the Global ...Exploration of Human Milk study to determine the association between infant feeding and anthropometry at 1 y of age. Three hundred sixty-five breastfeeding mother-infant pairs (120 US, 120 China, and 125 Mexico) were recruited soon after the infant's birth. Enrollment required agreement to breastfeed ≥75% for at least 3 mo. Weekly, 24-h, food frequency data were conducted on infants for 1 y and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) duration and timing of specific complementary food introduction were calculated. Weight and length were measured at age 1 y and anthropometry Z-scores calculated using WHO standards. Cohorts in the 3 urban populations (Shanghai, China; Cincinnati, USA; and Mexico City, Mexico) differed by median EBF duration (5, 14, and 7 wk, respectively; P < 0.001), timing of introduction of meat/eggs/legumes (4.8, 9.3, and 7.0 mo, respectively; P < 0.0001), and other feeding practices. By age 1 y, infants in Shanghai were heavier and longer than Cincinnati and Mexico City infants (P < 0.001). Adjusting for nonfeeding covariates, the only feeding variable associated with anthropometry was EBF duration, which was modestly inversely associated with weight-for-age but not length-for-age or BMI Z-scores at 1 y. Although feeding variables differed by cohort, their impact on anthropometry differences was not consistent among cohorts. Overall, across these urban, international, breast-fed cohorts, differences in specific feeding practices did not explain the significant variation in anthropometry.
PDF
