In order to further improve the effect of entity relationship joint extraction, this paper proposes an endto-end joint extraction model (HSL). HSL model adopts a new labeling scheme to transform the ...joint extraction of entities and relationships into sequence labeling problems, and uses a layered sequence labeling method to solve the problem of triple overlap. The experiments demonstrates that HSL model can effectively deal with the problem of triple overlap and improve the extraction effect. The F1 value on the military corpus data set reaches 80.84%, and 86.4% on the WebNLG open data set, which exceeds the current mainstream triple extraction model, improving the effect of triple extraction.
Nutrition-related diseases, such as some cancers, heart diseases, and obesity, belong to the most challenging health concerns of our time. Communicating intuitive and simple nutrition information by ...means of front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition profile signpost labeling is increasingly seen as an essential tool in efforts to combat unhealthy food choices and improve public health. Consequently, much attention in policy and research is given to nutrient profiling methods and the determination of optimal nutrition criteria. Although consumer research on nutrition signpost labeling is now gradually appearing in the literature, the value and meaning of these labeling systems for consumers have received less attention. In the current debate a concise overview is lacking of the consumer perspective, including relevant psychological phenomena, in relation to much debated controversies surrounding these labels and their further development, such as the most effective type of signpost labeling system and varying stakeholder interests. Therefore, this paper aims to critically review the literature in the consumer domain of FOP nutrition labeling in order to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of this form of nutrition education from a consumer perspective.
Background: The National Academy of Medicine recommends the US adopt an "interpretative" front-of-package (FOP) food labeling system that interprets product healthfulness for consumers. However, ...uncertainty remains about how interpretative food labels should be designed to maximize their impact on consumer understanding and behavior. We examined reactions to FOP food labeling systems that use positive labels for healthy foods, negative labels for unhealthy foods, or both. Methods: In August 2021, we conducted an online experiment with 3,051 US adults. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four labeling conditions: control (calorie labels), positive labels applied to healthier foods, negative labels applied to unhealthier foods, or both positive and negative labels. Labels were adapted from designs for a "healthy" label proposed by the Food and Drug Administration and were displayed on the front of product packaging. Participants selected products to hypothetically purchase, identified which products they perceived were healthier, and reported their reactions to the labels. Analyses examined healthfulness of selections using the Ofcom Nutrient Profiling Model score (0-100, higher scores are healthier). Results: Compared to the control arm, participants exposed to only positive labels selected healthier items (difference vs. control=1.13 2%, p<0.001). Participants exposed to only negative labels selected even healthier items (difference vs. control=2.34 4%, p<0.001). The healthiest purchases were observed among participants exposed to the labeling system that used both positive and negative labels (difference vs. control=3.19 5%, p<0.001). The interpretative labels also led to improvements in identification of healthier products (all ps<0.05), with the largest benefits for participants exposed to both positive and negative labels. Moreover, both the positive and negative labels elicited stronger psychological reactions (e.g., attention, emotions, thinking about foods' health effects) compared to the control arm (all ps<0.05), with larger effects observed for the negative labels. Conclusions: Interpretative food labels show promise for encouraging healthier purchases and promoting consumer understanding. Labeling systems that identify both healthy and unhealthy products are especially promising.
Singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) is generated in biological systems and reacts with different biomolecules. Proteins are a major target for 1O2, and His, Tyr, Met, Cys, and Trp are oxidized at ...physiological pH. In the present study, the modification of lysozyme protein by 1O2 was investigated using mass spectrometry approaches. The experimental findings showed methionine, histidine, and tryptophan oxidation. The experiments were achieved using 18O‐labeled 1O2 released from thermolabile endoperoxides in association with nano‐scale liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The structural characterization by nLC‐MS/MS of the amino acids in the tryptic peptides of the proteins showed addition of 18O‐labeling atoms in different amino acids.
This protocol describes the use of TurboID and split-TurboID in proximity labeling applications for mapping protein-protein interactions and subcellular proteomes in live mammalian cells. TurboID is ...an engineered biotin ligase that uses ATP to convert biotin into biotin-AMP, a reactive intermediate that covalently labels proximal proteins. Optimized using directed evolution, TurboID has substantially higher activity than previously described biotin ligase-related proximity labeling methods, such as BioID, enabling higher temporal resolution and broader application in vivo. Split-TurboID consists of two inactive fragments of TurboID that can be reconstituted through protein-protein interactions or organelle-organelle interactions, which can facilitate greater targeting specificity than full-length enzymes alone. Proteins biotinylated by TurboID or split-TurboID are then enriched with streptavidin beads and identified by mass spectrometry. Here, we describe fusion construct design and characterization (variable timing), proteomic sample preparation (5-7 d), mass spectrometric data acquisition (2 d), and proteomic data analysis (1 week).
Nature uses a diverse array of protein post‐translational modifications (PTMs) to regulate protein structure, activity, localization, and function. Among them, protein 4′‐phosphopantetheinylation ...derived from coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential PTM for the biosynthesis of fatty acids, polyketides, and nonribosomal peptides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. To explore its functions, various chemical probes mimicking the natural structure of 4′‐phosphopantetheinylation have been developed. In this minireview, we summarize these chemical probes and describe their applications in direct and metabolic labeling of proteins in bacterial and mammalian cells.
Structurally diverse chemical probes have been used to label protein 4′‐phosphopantetheinylation. Herein, we review how CoA analogs could be incorporated by highly promiscuous phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) and used for in situ labeling of the membrane proteins fused with acceptor tags. These cell‐permeable pantetheine analogs facilitated the metabolic labeling of the endogenous substrates in both bacterial and mammalian cells.
As standards are considered for nutrition front‐of‐package (FOP) and shelf‐labeling systems in the United States, it is important to know what types of systems are most effective in conveying ...scientifically accurate and useful information to consumers. A systematic literature review identified 38 empirical studies on consumer response to FOP nutrition labeling and shelf labeling. Studies indicate that consumers can more easily interpret and select healthier products with nutrient‐specific FOP nutrition labels that incorporate text and symbolic color to indicate nutrient levels rather than nutrient‐specific labels that only emphasize numeric information, such as Guideline Daily Amounts expressed as percentages and/or grams. Summary systems may influence consumers to purchase healthier products. However, more research is needed to assess the influence of nutrient‐specific labels on consumers’ purchases. This review identified few studies that compared consumers’ ability to select healthier products using nutrient‐specific systems that incorporate text and color codes with multiple‐level summary icons. More research is needed to determine the effects of FOP nutrition labeling on consumers’ actual shopping behaviors and dietary intakes.
A Γ-supermagic labeling of a graph G=(V,E) with |E|=q is a bijection from E to an Abelian group Γ of order q such that the sum of labels of all incident edges of every vertex x∈V is equal to the same ...element μ∈Γ. An existence of a Γ-supermagic labeling of Cartesian product of two cycles Cm□Cn for every m,n≥3 by Z2mn and for any two odd cycles Cm□Cn for any m,n≥3 and any Abelian group Γ of order 2mn was proved recently. In this paper we completely solve the case of m,n both even and present a labeling method for all Abelian groups of order 2mn, where m,n are even and greater than two.
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI has generated great interest for molecular imaging applications because it can image low‐concentration solute molecules in vivo with enhanced ...sensitivity. CEST effects are detected indirectly through a reduction in the bulk water signal after repeated perturbation of the solute proton magnetization using one or more radiofrequency (RF) irradiation pulses. The parameters used for these RF pulses—frequency offset, duration, shape, strength, phase, and interpulse spacing—determine molecular specificity and detection sensitivity, thus their judicious selection is critical for successful CEST MRI scans. This review article describes the effects of applying RF pulses on spin systems and compares conventional saturation‐based RF labeling with more recent excitation‐based approaches that provide spectral editing capabilities for selectively detecting molecules of interest and obtaining maximal contrast.
CEST MRI is a promising technique that measures low‐concentration metabolites with enhanced sensitivity by indirectly detecting the signal reduction of bulk water after applying RF irradiation pulses. However, the generated Z‐spectrum includes multiple signal components, which confounds quantitative analysis. The judicious selection of RF pulse parameters used can improve detection specificity and sensitivity. This review begins with the RF labeling effects on spin systems, and details broadly used approaches that are based on saturation, excitation, or hybrid form labeling.
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