We use the staggered roll out of medical marijuana laws (MMLs) as a plausibly exogenous shock to individuals' marijuana used to identify the effect of marijuana on labour-market outcomes. While our ...analysis largely confirms that MMLs do not affect labour market outcomes, we find two results that are not seen in the prior literature. We find that MMLs increase the probability that a 30-39 year-old woman is in the labour force, and decrease the time that unemployed 20-29 year-old men spend looking for a job. While both results are imprecisely estimated, they are generally robust to a large number of robustness checks we employ.
We offer new conceptual insights into the understanding of occupational choice in uncertain rural environments, with a focus on its ex ante (before a shock) and ex post (after a shock) consequences ...for farmers belonging to different portions of the asset distribution. We model theoretically the choice between relatively safe subsistence farming, higher return but higher risk cash crop activities, and off-farm labor—conditional on preexisting asset allocation—and look at the general equilibrium labor market implications of correlated shocks. Our results, backed by evidence from Malawi, challenge some stylized perceptions in the literature on consumption smoothing via off-farm labor supply.
Background
Various methods are used for cervical ripening during the induction of labour. It is still debatable which of these methods of treatment is optimal.
Objective
To compare treatment ...techniques for cervical ripening in the induction of labour.
Search strategy
Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Collaboration databases were searched using the keywords ‘cervical ripening’, ‘labour induced’, ‘misoprostol’, ‘dinoprostone’, and ‘Foley catheter’.
Selection criteria
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of cervical ripening during the induction of labour, evaluating rates of failure to achieve vaginal delivery within 24 hours, incidence of uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate (FHR) changes, and rates of caesarean section. Studies including women with prelabour rupture of membranes were excluded.
Data collection and analysis
Outcome data were collected and analysed through pairwise meta‐analysis and network meta‐analysis within a Bayesian framework.
Main results
A total of 96 RCTs (17 387 women) were included in the meta‐analysis. Vaginal misoprostol was the most effective cervical ripening method to achieve vaginal delivery within 24 hours, but had the highest incidence of uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes. The use of a Foley catheter to induce labour was associated with the lowest rate of uterine hyperstimulation accompanied by FHR changes. The caesarean section rate was lowest using oral misoprostol for the induction of labour.
Author's conclusions
No method of labour induction demonstrated overall superiority when considering all three clinical outcomes. Decisions regarding the choice of induction method will depend upon the relative preference for effecting vaginal delivery within 24 hours, minimising the incidence of uterine hyperstimulation with adverse FHR changes and avoiding caesarean section.
Tweetable
Oral misoprostol for the induction of labour is safer than vaginal misoprostol and has the lowest rate of caesarean section.
Tweetable
Oral misoprostol for the induction of labour is safer than vaginal misoprostol and has the lowest rate of caesarean section.
International education is an important channel of labor migration. Most commonly, this form of labor migration is considered as “brain drain,” represented by the retention of graduate students in ...science and engineering in the host labor market. This case study of contemporary Chinese student migration to Japan shows that international students have different credentials, interests, and motivations for migrating abroad, and consequently provide the host society both unskilled and skilled labor power. Moreover, Chinese students’ labor market practices as skilled labor migrants show their important roles in the economic globalization. Aside from scientific and engineering skills, Chinese students use their linguistic and cultural competencies to act as intermediaries between their host and home economies.
PurposePersons with disabilities (PwD) are generally less likely to be employed than the general population. The paper aims to investigate whether access to assistive technologies (AT) impacts labour ...force participation in the disabled population.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilises the nationally representative survey on disability in India conducted in 2018 through multi-stage sampling by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI), Government of India. The instrumental variable (IV) approach has been employed to infer causality between AT and labour market participation.FindingsThe study found that the labour force participation rate (LFPR) in India amongst the disabled population was 29% in the age group of 15–65 years in 2017–2018, as compared to 52% in the general population. Around two-thirds of the PwD respondents who were advised to acquire aid appliances acquired them, implying limited access to AT. The probability of LFPR in disabled population increases by 26.6% with access to AT particularly in urban areas.Practical implicationsPersistent issues such as lack of adequate amenities, poor literacy and a lack of vocational skills need to be addressed to improve labour market outcomes for the disabled population in rural areas.Originality/valueDespite its role in promoting distributive justice and inclusive development, research on equity gaps in access to AT and its impact on labour market outcomes is scant. This is the first paper that provides empirical evidence on the impact of access to AT on LFPR in the context of low- and middle-income countries.
This paper provides evidence that low private contributions to highly subsidised day care constrain mothers from working longer hours. We study the effects of reforms that abolished day care fees in ...Germany on parental labour supply. The reforms removed private contributions to highly subsidised day care in the year before children enter primary school. We exploit the staggered reform across states with a difference-in-differences approach and event studies. Although participation in day care is almost universal for preschoolers, we provide evidence that the reforms increase the intensity of day care use and the working time of mothers by about 7.1 percent. Single mothers, mothers with no younger children, mothers in denser local labour markets, and highly educated mothers react most strongly. We find no evidence for labour supply responses at the extensive margin and no evidence of responses in paternal labour supply. The effects on maternal labour supply fade away by the end of primary school as mothers in the control group also gradually increase their labour supply as their children grow older.
Traditional measures of labor quality might have the shortcoming of missing some features of the very important increase in labor utilization within European countries. In particular, we explore the ...case of Spain. Despite showing one of the most important increases in labor quality in the EU according to standard methods, it also presents a negative TFP growth. The paper shows the importance of considering—on top of observed changes in the composition of the labor force by gender, age, education, tenure, and nationality—changes in both average and relative productivities of those abovementioned socio‐demographic groups over time. We first use a time varying weight index in order to capture the decrease in relative productivities across characteristics. Once this issue is considered the estimated growth of labor quality decreases notably and the index becomes flat between 2002 and 2006. We relate this slowdown to the increasing over‐education of the Spanish workforce in the recent past. We then incorporate a selection model into the labor force. We argue that in the recent past there has been a massive entry of workers with below average unobserved abilities, generating a decrease in quality of labor. Indeed labor quality slightly decreased from 1995 onwards (always increasing without the selection model).
The China e-Special Issue brings together 11 articles on the sociology of contemporary work and employment in China which have been published in WES in the past two decades, highlighting the ...increasing frequency of submissions, and also reflecting the diversity, complexity and plurality of work and employment in the region. The foci of debates include the changing fault lines of work and employment; the changing relationships between state, employers and workers; the impact of rural to urban migration and urbanisation on the labour process and employment configurations; the interrelations between production and social reproduction and its gendered dimensions; and the need to develop established methodologies further given the changing nature of the research subject.
By means of a field experiment we investigate whether low‐skilled male Albanians face discrimination in the Greek labour market. To test for discrimination in occupational access, curriculum vitae ...which differed only in ethnicity were faxed to firms. The probability for Albanians to receive an interview is lower than for Greeks by 21.4 percentage points. Furthermore, by exploiting the informal wage and insurance coverage offers on the part of employers, we find a wage discrimination factor of 11 per cent against the Albanians, while their probability of being registered with insurance is 25.7 percentage points lower than that for Greeks.
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