Research on restorative environments has long examined the benefits of nature exposure for people whose resources have been depleted due to a situation that is too demanding for the individual. We ...argue that people's resources can also be taxed in understimulating situations, in which there is a lack of sensory, cognitive, social and/or behavioral stimulation, leading to a need for recovery. Exploring this phenomenon forms the main objective of this study. Given the potential benefits that contact with nature in educational centres has for children, we chose young children (N = 145, Mage = 9.34) at school as participants. We conducted a 3 (stimulation: under, over, and control) by 2 (environments: natural, urban) by 3 (time: before stimulation treatment, just after, and after exposure to environment) mixed-mode experiment. The environments were simulated through a series of slides presented on a screen in the classrooms where also the initial part of the experiment took place. Our results show that both under- and overstimulating situations are taxing for children's capacity for attention, and that understimulation decreases children's positive affect. After overstimulation, exposure to natural scenes restored attentional capacities, while exposure to urban scenes did not. After understimulation, exposure to any of the environments (nature; urban) restored children's attentional capabilities and lifted their mood. Future research could focus especially on low stimulation/low meaning situations to better understand their negative effects on attention and mood.
•An over-stimulating situation decreases children's attentional capability.•A lack of stimulation lowers children's attentional capability and positive affect.•Exposure to images of natural scenes restores overstimulated children's attentional capabilities.•Exposure to images of natural and urban scenes restores understimulated children's attention.•Exposure to images of natural and urban scenes restores understimulated children's positive affect.
The affective, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of impulsivity involved in suicide-related outcomes can be investigated through the UPPS model, which conceptualizes these facets in multidimensional ...terms related to negative and positive urgency, lack of premeditation and perseverance, and sensation seeking. This systematic review and meta-analysis provided a comprehensive understanding of the role of all facets of impulsivity in the development of suicidal ideation and behaviors.
We conducted a systematic search on six databases (PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science) until May 5,2023. Overall, 49 studies met the criteria for systematic review, of which 37 were included in a meta-analysis of data from 17.898 individuals. Additional moderation analyses included age, gender, sample status, country of study conduct, assessment instruments, type of suicide-related outcome, study quality, and research design.
We found significant relationships between aspects of impulsivity and suicide-related outcomes. Specially, affective facets related to impulsivity showed a stronger association with suicidal ideations and attempts than cognitive and behavioral dimensions, recommending the main involvement of emotional aspects-positive and negative-in suicide-related dimensions.
The limited number of studies may have negatively impacted the power of moderation analyses. In addition, for most dimensions of impulsivity, the limited number of longitudinal studies did not allow to test the moderating role of research design.
This study supports the role of impulsivity in suicidal ideation and behavior, identifying the affective component of impulsivity as the most involved, providing a significant contribution from a clinical and diagnostic point of view.
•Impulsivity plays a central role in developing suicide-related thoughts and behaviors.•Clarifications about the role of specific impulsivity dimensions involved in suicidal ideations and attempts are needed.•Affective impulsivity of UPPS model showed a stronger association with suicide related outcome.
In times of crisis, people are more prone to endorse conspiracy theories. Conspiracy thinking provides answers about the causes of an event, but it can also have harmful social consequences. Our ...research tested both the predictor and the consequences of two types of conspiracy beliefs related to the Covid-19 pandemic: (1) general conspiracy beliefs and (2) government-related conspiracy theories. In two studies in Poland (Ntotal = 2726), we found that a perceived lack of individual control predicted both types of conspiracy theories, while a sense of collective control was positively related to general conspiracy beliefs but negatively associated with government-related conspiracy theories. Moreover, general conspiracy theories were related to the acceptance of xenophobic policies and to a less favourable attitude towards outgroups whereas government-related conspiracy theories were not. Additionally, people who believed in conspiratorial governments less frequently indicated that they used prevention methods, such as social distancing and handwashing. Our research demonstrates the importance of considering the content of various conspiracy theories when studying their social effects and potential causes. Knowing which attitudes may be associated with the endorsement of specific conspiracy theories can contribute to counteracting their negative consequences during crises.
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•Powder bed fusion of SS316, Ti-6Al-4V, IN718 & AlSi10Mg are compared.•Susceptibilities to distortion & lack of fusion defects are studied for 4 alloys.•Cooling rates, growth geometry ...& solidification morphology are examined.•Provides process insights through computational modeling not otherwise available.
The most important metallurgical variables that affect the structure and properties of components produced by powder bed fusion (PBF) are examined using a model, proposed and validated in part-I of this paper. These variables include the temperature and velocity fields, build shape and size, cooling rates, solidification parameters, dendrite arm spacing, hardness, distortion and lack of fusion defects for four common alloys used in additive manufacturing (AM), stainless steel 316 (SS 316), Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel 718 and AlSi10Mg. The process parameters examined include laser power, scanning speed, powder layer thickness, packing efficiency and hatch spacing. Among the four alloys, the largest molten pool of AlSi10Mg ensures good fusional bonding among layers and hatches but exhibits high solidification shrinkage. Therefore, AlSi10Mg is the most susceptible to distortion among the four alloys. SS 316 exhibits the opposite trend because of its smallest molten pool among the four alloys. For a particular alloy, lack of fusion and distortion can be minimized by careful selection of hatch spacing and scanning speed. For the dendritic growth of SS 316 and AlSi10Mg, refinement of the solidification microstructure through close spacing of the dendrite arms can be achieved using thinner layers and faster scanning. Asymmetry in liquid pool geometry because of the difference in the thermal properties of powder bed and solidified build can be minimized by reducing the scanning speed.
The aim of this study was to produce soy yogurt and investigate the physicochemical, textural, and volatile flavor compounds, as well as sensory characteristics using normal (NOR), ...lipoxygenase-lacking (LOX-lack), and 7S-globulin lacking (7S-lack) soybeans at different temperatures. The soy yogurts were produced by Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbruekii subsp. bulgaricus fermentation of the soymilk. SDS-PAGE results showed that the globulin, subunit, and polypeptide contents of soymilk were affected significantly by the absence of LOX and 7S. Heat treatment accelerated the protein aggregation of soymilk but the content of large non-disulfide aggregates was lower for LOX-lack than for NOR and 7S-lack. As a consequence, the gel firmness and storage modulus of LOX-lack soy yogurt were the highest among others during the heat treatment (80–115 °C), and its network structure was the most compact under CSLM observation. The LOX-lack soy yogurt had the lowest off-flavor compounds and the best sensory acceptability, which offered the best potential for producing soy yogurt with improved textural and volatile profiles.
•The ALPHA and BETA contents of soymilk were higher for LOX-lack than for NOR.•The gel firmness and storage modulus of LOX-lack soy yogurt were highest.•Soy yogurt obtained from 7S-lack soybean showed the poorest gel properties.•The gel network of LOX-lack soy yogurt had the densest structure.•LOX-lack soy yogurt showed the lowest level of off-flavor volatile compounds.
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•A geometry-based model for predicting lack-of-fusion porosity is presented.•The model relies on melt pool dimension, hatch spacing and layer thickness.•Porosity (or density) ...predicted with the model agrees well with reported literature data.
A geometry-based simulation is used to predict porosity caused by insufficient overlap of melt pools (lack of fusion) in powder bed fusion. The inputs into the simulation are hatch spacing, layer thickness, and melt-pool cross-sectional area. Melt-pool areas used in the simulations can be obtained from experiments, or estimated with the analytical Rosenthal equation. The necessary material constants, including absorptivity for laser-based melting, have been collated for alloy steels, aluminum alloys and titanium alloys. Comparison with several data sets from the literature shows that the simulations correctly predict process conditions at which lack-of-fusion porosity becomes apparent, as well as the rate at which porosity increases with changes in process conditions such as beam speed, layer thickness and hatch spacing.
This study aims to investigate the relationships between personality traits of impulsivity, using the UPPS-P Impulsive Behaviour Scales shortened version, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during ...the IOWA Gambling Task (IGT) in young adult women. The study included a sample of 83 young, healthy females (19.8 ± 1.4 years), who voluntarily took part in the study. Repeated measures analysis during the IGT revealed a significant increase in HbO (all p <.001; ηp2 >.31) and a decrease in Hbr (all p <.003; ηp2 >.08) in all prefrontal quadrants. This increase in oxygenation occurs primarily during the choice period under ambiguity (r =.23; p =.039). Additionally, there was a significant linear decrease in selecting the decks associated with a high frequency of losses (p <.001), while the favorable deck with low losses showed a linear increase (F = 12.96; p <.001). Notably, discrepancies were found between UPPS-P and IGT impulsivity ratings. The Lack of Perseverance and Lack of Premeditation scales from the UPPS-P were identified as significant predictors of HbO levels, mainly in the two quadrants of the left hemisphere’s, lateral (adjusted R2 =.23; p <.001; f2 =.34) and rostral (adjusted R2 =.13; p <.002; f2 =.17). These findings suggest that young adult women predominantly adopt a punishment-avoidance strategy during IGT, exhibiting increased activation in the left hemisphere, especially during the task’s initial phase characterized by ambiguity.
•Impulsivity questionnaire and cognitive task do not correlate in young women.•Young women prefer decks with low loss frequency in the IGT.•Left prefrontal dominance during IGT in young women.•Greater increase in prefrontal oxygenation during the period under ambiguity.•Lack of perseverance is the best predictor of oxygenation during IGT.
To examine the internal consistency and factor structure of the Brazilian adaptation of the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale.
UPPS is a self-report scale composed by 40 items assessing four factors of ...impulsivity: (a) urgency, (b) lack of premeditation; (c) lack of perseverance; (d) sensation seeking. In the present study 384 participants (278 women and 106 men), who were recruited from schools, universities, leisure centers and workplaces fulfilled the UPPS scale. An exploratory factor analysis was performed by using Varimax factor rotation and Kaiser Normalization, and we also conducted two confirmatory analyses to test the independency of the UPPS components found in previous analysis.
Results showed a decrease in mean UPPS total scores with age and this analysis showed that the youngest participants (below 30 years) scored significantly higher than the other groups over 30 years. No difference in gender was found. Cronbach's alpha, results indicated satisfactory values for all subscales, with similar high values for the subscales and confirmatory factor analysis indexes also indicated a poor model fit. The results of two exploratory factor analysis were satisfactory.
Our results showed that the Portuguese version has the same four-factor structure of the original and previous translations of the UPPS.
Summary
The present research examines the role of leaders' gender in influencing how employees evaluate abusive supervision. This paper argues that abusive supervision is considered to be a less ...typical leader behavior for female leaders, compared to male leaders, because abusive behaviors violate the stereotypes traditionally prescribed to female leaders (e.g., communal and caring). As such, drawing from gender stereotype theories (e.g., the lack‐of‐fit model and role congruity theory), we propose that, among leaders who engage in abusive supervision, employees will rate female leaders as less effective than male leaders. However, we also propose that employees will attribute female leaders' abuse to internal characteristics to a lesser extent than male leaders. Results from both an experimental study (Study 1) and a field study (Study 2) conducted with working adults support our hypotheses. Namely, results suggest that female leaders' abusive supervision is viewed as less typical leadership behavior and, consequently, is associated with lower ratings of effectiveness compared to abusive male leaders. Conversely, because abuse is viewed as female‐atypical behavior, employees were less likely to make internal attributions for female leaders' abusive behaviors. Implications for theory and practice will be discussed.
Societal crises and stressful events are associated with an upsurge of conspiracy beliefs that may help people to tackle feelings of lack of control. In our study (N = 783), we examined whether ...people with higher feelings of anxiety and lack of control early in the COVID‐19 pandemic endorse more conspiracy theories. Our results show that a higher perception of risk of COVID‐19 and lower trust in institutions' response to the pandemic were related to feelings of anxiety and lack of control. Feeling the lack of control, but not anxiety, independently predicted COVID‐19 conspiracy theory endorsement. Importantly, COVID‐19 conspiracy beliefs were strongly correlated with generic conspiracy and pseudoscientific beliefs, which were likewise associated with the feeling of lack of control and lower trust in institutions. The results highlight that considering people's emotional responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic is crucial for our understanding of the spread of conspiracy and pseudoscientific beliefs.
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