• Phylogenomics is increasingly used to infer deep-branching relationships while revealing the complexity of evolutionary processes such as incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization/introgression and ...polyploidization. We investigate the deep-branching relationships among subfamilies of the Leguminosae (or Fabaceae), the third largest angiosperm family. Despite their ecological and economic importance, a robust phylogenetic framework for legumes based on genome-scale sequence data is lacking.
• We generated alignments of 72 chloroplast genes and 7621 homologous nuclear-encoded proteins, for 157 and 76 taxa, respectively. We analysed these with maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and a multispecies coalescent summary method, and evaluated support for alternative topologies across gene trees.
• We resolve the deepest divergences in the legume phylogeny despite lack of phylogenetic signal across all chloroplast genes and the majority of nuclear genes. Strongly supported conflict in the remainder of nuclear genes is suggestive of incomplete lineage sorting.
• All six subfamilies originated nearly simultaneously, suggesting that the prevailing view of some subfamilies as ‘basal’ or ‘early-diverging’ with respect to others should be abandoned, which has important implications for understanding the evolution of legume diversity and traits. Our study highlights the limits of phylogenetic resolution in relation to rapid successive speciation.
The lecture is devoted to contemporary American phenomenon, who described the American Professor G.L. Fred. The author notes that American doctors are not able to properly inquire, examine the ...patient and write the history of the disease, focusing mainly on the data of instrumental methods. The author writes that the reason for this is the organization of the American health care, when professors are busy making money, very little attention to the students at the bedside. Currently in the American medical community lost the tradition of Osler, who reformed medicine in favor of a detailed examination of the patient.
•The COVID-19 pandemic is a major global progressive disaster.•The effects on mental health and emotional support among the population are unclear.•For this purpose, a prospective population-based ...study was conducted.•High anxiety and depression symptoms levels and lack of support did not increase.•Risk factors for symptoms and support before and during pandemic partly changed.
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and emotional support among the general population are unclear. We therefore assessed if the prevalence of high Anxiety and Depression Symptoms (ADS) levels and lack of Emotional Support (ES) increased, and if risk factors of ADS and ES changed.
Data was extracted from surveys conducted with the Dutch longitudinal population-based LISS panel (N = 3,983). ADS and ES were assessed in March 2019 and 2020. Risk factors for ADS and ES were extracted from surveys in November 2018 and 2019. These were: ADS, gender, education, domestic situation, employment, age, ethnicity, lung and heart problems, and diabetes.
The prevalence of high ADS levels and lack of ES did not increase compared to the pre-outbreak prevalence. ADS, non-native ethnic background, (partial) work disabilities and lung problems were predictive of both ADS and lack of ES in March 2019 and 2020. Job seekers, students and those who take care of housekeeping were more at risk for ADS in March 2020, but not in 2019. While 35–49 years old respondents were less at risk for ADS in March 2019, they were more at risk in 2020. Parents with child(ren) at home and those who take care of housekeeping more often lacked ES in March 2020, but not in 2019.
No other mental health problems were assessed.
No increase in the prevalence of ADS and lack of ES was found. Some risk factors remained significant after the outbreak, while others changed notably.
Lack-of-fusion (LOF) in digital concrete fabrication is one of the paramount technical issues that must be elucidated before mass industry implementation of this emerging technology. This review ...paper initially accentuates the ramifications of poor interlayer bonding, which include impaired mechanical and thermo-mechanical performance in the hardened concrete state, durability issues pertaining to corrosion of reinforcing steel and the complexities associated with numerical modeling of 3D printed structures. Focus is then placed on the mechanisms that induce LOF, which constitute an intricate combination of mechanical interaction, chemical bonding and intermolecular forces between filaments. Comprehension of these mechanisms is required to develop appropriate solutions to this problem. The paper presents current interlayer bond strength (IBS) characterization tests and their associated (dis)advantages. Lastly, solutions employed in literature to reduce LOF are presented to give readers a holistic perspective of the current state-of-the-art surrounding LOF in 3D concrete printing.
Over recent decades, optimal experimental design has surged in popularity due to affordable computing and efficient algorithms. However, some researchers highlight that this focus has often ...side‐lined the importance of including pure experimental replication in designs, as many optimality criteria do not inherently suggest designs with replicates. In this study, we introduce an approach that allows the designer to input a desired replication structure into the optimal design search. We list all potential replication structures, indicate the corresponding budget for pure‐error (PE) and lack‐of‐fit (LOF) degrees‐of‐freedom, and use particle swarm optimization to search for the optimal design in each scenario. We demonstrate our approach on various unexplored I$I$‐optimal design scenarios and several scenarios recently discussed in literature. Our findings reveal the existence of highly‐efficient I$I$‐optimal designs with unique replication structures, offering designers informed choices on allocating a limited budget for PE and LOF degrees‐of‐freedom. This method is versatile and compatible with other optimizers, such as the coordinate exchange.
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Gender has been the privileged optic through which care ethics has been theorised. However, a long line of theorists has argued that gender intersects with other vectors such as race, class and ...disability in the social world, including in caring practices. This paper contributes to the emergent literature on intersectionality and care ethics by focusing on how racialised difference affects care practices and therefore care ethics. It focuses on competence and alterity, and recognition and communication, as two elements that point to how racialised care is risky. It argues that slavery and colonialism have underpinned racial hierarchies marking contemporary racialised care encounters. As a result, racially marked people's skills are often undervalued and their competency questioned even as race becomes an increasingly important difference between who cares and who receives care. Secondly, racial hierarchies in who gets care and what that care looks like can make care so distinctive as to be unrecognisable both to the care giver and those who need care. Lack of care is as productive of subjectivities as care so that care needs simply may not be articulated. Finally, given these differences in what care means, caring can become risky. The paper concludes by suggesting that thinking through intersectionality as method allows us to focus on moments and events where care can become unsettled. Care ethics should learn not only from its successes but also from instances when care has failed. We need a feminist care ethics that responds to the distance and difference that race brings to care. That is the promise of good care.
Background
Resilience can be defined as the maintenance or quick recovery of mental health during or after periods of stressor exposure, which may result from a potentially traumatising event, ...challenging life circumstances, a critical life transition phase, or physical illness. Healthcare professionals, such as nurses, physicians, psychologists and social workers, are exposed to various work‐related stressors (e.g. patient care, time pressure, administration) and are at increased risk of developing mental disorders. This population may benefit from resilience‐promoting training programmes.
Objectives
To assess the effects of interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals, that is, healthcare staff delivering direct medical care (e.g. nurses, physicians, hospital personnel) and allied healthcare staff (e.g. social workers, psychologists).
Search methods
We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, 11 other databases and three trial registries from 1990 to June 2019. We checked reference lists and contacted researchers in the field. We updated this search in four key databases in June 2020, but we have not yet incorporated these results.
Selection criteria
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults aged 18 years and older who are employed as healthcare professionals, comparing any form of psychological intervention to foster resilience, hardiness or post‐traumatic growth versus no intervention, wait‐list, usual care, active or attention control. Primary outcomes were resilience, anxiety, depression, stress or stress perception and well‐being or quality of life. Secondary outcomes were resilience factors.
Data collection and analysis
Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed risks of bias, and rated the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach (at post‐test only).
Main results
We included 44 RCTs (high‐income countries: 36). Thirty‐nine studies solely focused on healthcare professionals (6892 participants), including both healthcare staff delivering direct medical care and allied healthcare staff. Four studies investigated mixed samples (1000 participants) with healthcare professionals and participants working outside of the healthcare sector, and one study evaluated training for emergency personnel in general population volunteers (82 participants). The included studies were mainly conducted in a hospital setting and included physicians, nurses and different hospital personnel (37/44 studies).
Participants mainly included women (68%) from young to middle adulthood (mean age range: 27 to 52.4 years). Most studies investigated group interventions (30 studies) of high training intensity (18 studies; > 12 hours/sessions), that were delivered face‐to‐face (29 studies). Of the included studies, 19 compared a resilience training based on combined theoretical foundation (e.g. mindfulness and cognitive‐behavioural therapy) versus unspecific comparators (e.g. wait‐list). The studies were funded by different sources (e.g. hospitals, universities), or a combination of different sources. Fifteen studies did not specify the source of their funding, and one study received no funding support.
Risk of bias was high or unclear for most studies in performance, detection, and attrition bias domains.
At post‐intervention, very‐low certainty evidence indicated that, compared to controls, healthcare professionals receiving resilience training may report higher levels of resilience (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 0.65; 12 studies, 690 participants), lower levels of depression (SMD −0.29, 95% CI −0.50 to −0.09; 14 studies, 788 participants), and lower levels of stress or stress perception (SMD −0.61, 95% CI −1.07 to −0.15; 17 studies, 997 participants). There was little or no evidence of any effect of resilience training on anxiety (SMD −0.06, 95% CI −0.35 to 0.23; 5 studies, 231 participants; very‐low certainty evidence) or well‐being or quality of life (SMD 0.14, 95% CI −0.01 to 0.30; 13 studies, 1494 participants; very‐low certainty evidence). Effect sizes were small except for resilience and stress reduction (moderate). Data on adverse effects were available for three studies, with none reporting any adverse effects occurring during the study (very‐low certainty evidence).
Authors' conclusions
For healthcare professionals, there is very‐low certainty evidence that, compared to control, resilience training may result in higher levels of resilience, lower levels of depression, stress or stress perception, and higher levels of certain resilience factors at post‐intervention.
The paucity of medium‐ or long‐term data, heterogeneous interventions and restricted geographical distribution limit the generalisability of our results. Conclusions should therefore be drawn cautiously. The findings suggest positive effects of resilience training for healthcare professionals, but the evidence is very uncertain. There is a clear need for high‐quality replications and improved study designs.
•Energy distribution of oscillating laser led to the W-shape molten pool.•Two molten pools were found in oscillating laser-TIG hybrid welding.•Oscillating laser-TIG hybrid welding could reduce the ...grain size of the weld.•Oscillating laser could suppress lack of fusion defects in narrow gap welding.
In this research, the dynamic change of laser keyhole of vertical oscillating laser keyhole was studied, and it was found that the laser keyhole depth was periodic. The keyhole depth decreased with the increase of oscillation amplitude and frequency, but the stability of the keyhole increased. This was closely related to the energy distribution of oscillating laser. The special energy distribution made the “two molten pools“ phenomenon appear in oscillating laser tungsten inert gas (TIG) hybrid welding, and the grains in the keyhole molten pool were smaller than those in the conduction molten pool. The narrow gap (NG) oscillating laser TIG hybrid welding (OL-T) was carried out, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of OL-T welding were compared with that of TIG welding and general laser TIG hybrid welding (L-T). The grain of the OL-T welding seam was refined because the OL-T welding had a lower line energy, which changed the crystalline morphology of the welding seam. The tensile strength of the weld joint was almost equivalent to that of TIG welding and base metal, reaching 559 MPa. It was observed that there was no lack of sidewall fusion in the welding seam of the NG OL-T welding, and the weld efficiency was much higher than that of TIG welding. The morphology of the molten pool in oscillating laser-TIG hybrid welding and the arc shape in the groove were collected using high-speed cameras. It was observed that the elimination of lack of sidewall fusion in NG welding mainly depended on the direct heating on the sidewall and stirring molten pool by oscillation laser.
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