There are over 5,000 land communities in Poland that own real estate with an area of over 100,000 hectares. In 2009, the Supreme Audit Office (SAO, in Polish the Najwyższa Izba Kontroli) carried out ...an audit of the factual and legal status of State Treasury property and municipal property. The inspection also included properties belonging to land communities and showed numerous irregularities in their functioning throughout Poland. The result of the audit was large changes to the Law regulating the operation of land communities, i.e. the Law of June 29, 1963 on the Development of Land Communities. The amended act was intended to facilitate the regulation of the legal status of many properties in Poland.This article presents an analysis of the legal status of real estate of land communities made on the basis of the audit carried out in 2009 by the Supreme Audit Office. The article presents the procedure of regulating the legal status of real estate according to the provisions of the amended Law on the management of land communities. Furthermore, it contains the analysis of administrative proceedings concerning land community in selected counties located in the Masovian Voivodeship (i.e. the district of Ostrołęka and the district of Przysucha) to check whether the amended law helped to regulate the legal status of community lands and land communities.
In his intriguingly titled book – Why Photography Matters as Art as Never Before, Michael Fried raises important questions about the role of photography and its relationship with the viewer. The ...philosophy and its “problems,” theatricality, literariness, the position of the object (i.e. the objectivity of photography) as well as that of the subject, were already discussed during the late 1960s, when the medium was often placed on the border between art and technical skills, especially in the local context. Conscious of the weight of the statement given by Roland Barthes in Camera Lucida that “photographs … are looked at when one is alone,” this thematic issue is aimed at expanding the boundaries within which photography is thought and discussed, examining the circumstances that determined the limits of representation as well as criticism of representation, its “ghettoization” as well as numerous conflicts that it brought about (and not only depicted). A beam of light is not reflected off the subject in only one direction; the ray returns to the photograph, symbolizing the relationship analyzed in numerous relevant studies. These studies will continue to harbor doubts about the status of photography as art, and not just a mechanical reflection of reality, which is too complex a topic for one editorial.
The article presents the legal structure of land communities in the context of the 2015 amendment. The rights and obligations of co-owners of communities and the procedure of public administration ...bodies in these matters are presented accordingly. The considerations are illustrated with the rich case law of administrative and civil courts.
Urbarijalne šume nastaju kao posljedica ukidanja feudalnih odnosa, bivši podložnici od nekadašnjih zemaljskih gospodara dobivaju određene šumske površine na korištenje u vlasništvu zemljišne ...zajednice. Segregacija se vršila posebno za pojedini pravni slučaj, a često je završavala nezadovoljstvom seljaka. Osim što analizira upravu županijskih oblasti nad urbarijalnim šumama, kao i materijalan položaj njihovih zaposlenika, rad analizira i pravno normiranje urbarijalnih općina, odnosno zemljišnih zajednica. Tržišna vrijednost urbarijalnih šuma ovisila je o njihovom racionalnom uzgoju, podjeli na određeni broj pravoužitnika, kao i o devastaciji kojoj su ove šume često bile izložene. U očima šumarske struke u Hrvatskoj ove šume su bile vrijednost koja se morala sačuvati kao nacionalni interes, a nakon raspada Austro-Ugarske monarhije, traže reviziju segregacije kako bi se vlasničko stanje uskladilo sa socijalnom strukturom zemlje, odnosno stvarnim potrebama pravoužitnika, ali i svih stanovnika.
The aim of the paper was to identify the models of using of commons in land and forest communities in
Poland. In the paper the case study method was used. The analyses showed that the legal status of ...community
is crucial for the mode of commons using. In communities which failed to submit the legal status, the commons
are overused or neglected. In both cases it can lead to a decline in its economic usefulness.
U ovom članku autor na temelju dostupne literature, arhivske građe i onodobnog tiska analizira preduvjete, koji su početkom 20. stoljeća Čistoj stranci prava (Starčevićevoj hrvatskoj stranci ...prava/Stranci prava) omogućili prodor u Đurđevac i njegovu okolicu, kao i njezinu organizacijsku strukturu te politički utjecaj, koji je ova stranka početkom 20. stoljeća, posredstvom saborskih izbora ostvarila na tom području. Pritom se autor usredotočio na materijalne čimbenike kao temelj političkom opredjeljenju, te je izdvojio dvije pojave, koje su omogućile snažan prodor ove stranke u Đurđevac i njegovu okolicu, gdje je ona ubrzo postala jedan od najsnažnijih političkih čimbenika. Jedna od tih pojava su poslovni interesi đurđevačkog poduzetnika Martina Starčevića, a druga snažan pokret protiv uređenja zemljišnih zajednica, koji se početkom 20. stoljeća razvio u đurđevačkom upravnom kotaru.
Drawing on our interviews and experiences with 112 women in three different kinds of predominantly lesbian communities (communal land, cottages with communal center/guesthouse, and gated ...residential/retirement), strategies of coping, resistance, and resilience are examined by describing these communities and sharing these women's words. Feminist patterns of resilience in fostering community integrity are emphasized.
The land communities are one of the forms of group farming. They include agricultural, forest and water lands. Their nature lets the farmers make use of common land just because they live in a ...certain area. The current rules of their organization were established in the 60ies and since then have not been changed. The aim of this article is to determine the situation and the legitimacy of land communities in the present economic environment. Particularly, it conducts to an answer to the question if such forms should exist and if they respond to the present economic and legal real circumstances. The dogmatic analysis of legal acts methods were used, as well as the study of literature and jurisdiction. Besides, the reports of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development were examined. The research has proved that existence of land communities is against the free market and efficient farmers’ and the other parties’ activities. / Synopsis. Wspólnoty gruntowe są jedną z form grupowego gospodarowania gruntami rolnymi, leśnymi oraz wodnymi. Ich istotą jest uprawnienie do korzystania ze wspólnego gruntu, służące mieszkańcom danego regionu tylko dlatego, że są jego mieszkańcami. Obowiązujące zasady funkcjonowania wspólnot gruntowych, które zostały uregulowane w latach 60-ych, do tej pory nie zostały zmienione. Celem artykułu jest określenie sytuacji i zasadności istnienia wspólnot gruntowych we współczesnych warunkach gospodarczych. W szczególności chodzi o to, czy taka właśnie forma władania gruntami nadal ma z jednej strony zasadność istnienia, natomiast z drugiej czy wpisuje się we współczesne realia ekonomiczno-prawne. W pracy została zastosowana metoda dogmatycznej analizy aktów prawnych. Wykorzystano także literaturę przedmiotu oraz orzecznictwo. Ponadto materiał badawczy stanowiły opracowania i raporty pochodzące z MRiRW. Badania wykazały, że m.in. istnienie wspólnot gruntowych jest sprzeczne z założeniami gospodarki wolnorynkowej oraz z założeniem racjonalnego działania rolników oraz podmiotów gospodarczych.
•Measurements and numerical modeling were combined to investigate freeze/thaw dynamics.•3-year thaw thickness was estimated using electrical resistivity tomography measurements.•Numerical simulations ...were used to evaluate the controls of thaw depth variability.•Spatial variation of thaw depth depended on topography and soil organic carbon content.•Temporal variation of thaw depth was controlled by air temperature and precipitation.
Quantitative understanding of controls on thaw layer thickness (TLT) dynamics in the Arctic peninsula is essential for predictive understanding of permafrost degradation feedbacks to global warming and hydrobiochemical processes. This study jointly interprets electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements and hydro-thermal numerical simulation results to assess spatiotemporal variations of TLT and to determine its controlling factors in Barrow, Alaska. Time-lapse ERT measurements along a 35-m transect were autonomously collected from 2013 to 2015 and inverted to obtain soil electrical resistivity. Based on several probe-based TLT measurements and co-located soil electrical resistivity, we estimated the electrical resistivity thresholds associated with the boundary between the thaw layer and permafrost using a grid search optimization algorithm. Then, we used the obtained thresholds to derive the TLT from all soil electrical resistivity images. The spatiotemporal analysis of the ERT-derived TLT shows that the TLT at high-centered polygons (HCPs) is smaller than that at low-centered polygons (LCPs), and that both thawing and freezing occur earlier at the HCPs compared to the LCPs. In order to provide a physical explanation for dynamics in the thaw layer, we performed 1-D hydro-thermal simulations using the community land model (CLM). Simulation results showed that air temperature and precipitation jointly govern the temporal variations of TLT, while the topsoil organic content (SOC) and polygon morphology are responsible for its spatial variations. When the topsoil SOC and its thickness increase, TLT decreases. Meanwhile, at LCPs, a thicker snow layer and saturated soil contribute to a thicker TLT and extend the time needed for TLT to freeze and thaw. This research highlights the importance of combination of measurements and numerical modeling to improve our understanding spatiotemporal variations and key controls of TLT in cold regions.
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