Implementing the spirit of SQL-99 Brown, Paul
Proceedings of the 1999 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data,
06/1999, Letnik:
28, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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This paper describes the current INFORMIX IDS/UD release (9.2 or Centaur) and compares and contrasts its functionality with the features of the SQL-99 language standard. INFORMIX and Illustra have ...been shipping DBMSs implementing the spirit of the SQL-99 standard for five years. In this paper, we review our experience working with ORDBMS technology, and argue that while SQL-99 is a huge improvement over SQL-92, substantial further work is necessary to make object-relational DBMSs truly useful. Specifically, we describe several interesting pieces of functionality unique to IDS/UD, and several dilemmas our customers have encountered that the standard does not address.
Speaking is at the heart of second language learning but has been somewhat ignored in teaching and testing for a number of logistical reasons. Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) can give speaking a ...central role in language instruction. This article describes plans and efforts to shape speech-interactive Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) programs. Current proficiency guidelines provide a practical framework for this development. Although questions and challenges remain, current implementations of ASR provide some solutions now, and on-going research holds great promise for future implementations.
Standards on Real-Time Languages for industrial and laboratory applications are currently being developed by the various committees of the International Purdue Workshop on Industrial Computer ...Systems. In particular,TC2 of Purdue Europe, with the support of the CEC and in conjunction with ANSI and ECMA, has formulated a Real-Time extension of BASIC. It is intended for application to process control and laboratory automation systems, included in a distributed intelligence environment.
This paper describes an implementation of the new standard suitable for mini-computer and micro-processor systems. It combines the advantages of interactive program development with efficient compiled code, allowing its use over a wide range of applications.
Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems operate in a unique environment compared with most electronic and electrical power generation systems. The input stimulus, solar radiation, is both highly ...variable and noncontrollable. This presents a certain amount of difficulty in measuring and reporting reliability, maintainability, and availability characteristics. Many of the terms, definitions, and performance indices employed in other fields do not directly apply and need to be revised (tailored) to the PV technology. This paper proposes reliability and availability terms, definitions, performance indices, and mathematical expressions. The rationale for their relevance in photovoltaic solar energy technology and applications is given. There is a need to provide uniform terminology and formulae, for effective communication. Such communication promotes the orderly development of a uniform and effective reliability methodology for PV systems and components. The material draws extensively from ANSI/IEEE Standard-762, which defines reliability, availability, and productivity terms for electric power generation systems. This paper extends the standard terminology to include PV power systems. The unique characteristics of the PV array and the variability of input energy are described. The language will grow as PV technology and associated reliability and maintenance methodology are further developed.
The article presents an attempt at solving chosen problems related to the preparation to conduct a scientific research of a language norm. Until now, linguists have not attempted at describing the ...language norm according to its definition. It should be viewed as a social phenomenon. Its research ought to be conducted by the means of mixed methods, including methods inherent to linguistics and social sciences. A proper representative group of contemporary users of the Polish language should be chosen according to the rules applied to regular opinion polls. The questionnaire tools, allowing the creation of situations similar to the natural reaction to correct and incorrect forms, are necessary. In order to evaluate the level of the norm (e.g. model forms, correct forms, acceptable forms), it is necessary to determine the way of interpretation of the obtained results (e.g. more than 85% of positive results qualifies the variant to the model forms, less than 65% – to forms outside the norm). In this way, a reliable image of contemporary language norm would be obtained and a rational basis for the development of the codified norm would be created. There is a high social demand for a reliable source of the way in which Polish should be written and spoken. The constant updating of the normative publications is also necessary, hence the requirement to make them available online. The monitoring of changes of the habit and noting them are equally important.
Przedmiotem zainteresowania w artykule jest wskazanie sposobu rozwiązania wybranych problemów związanych z przygotowaniem do naukowego badania normy językowej. Do chwili obecnej językoznawcy nie dokonali bowiem próby opisania normy językowej zgodnie z jej definicją. Powinno się na nią spojrzeć jak na zjawisko społeczne i wykorzystać mieszane metody badawcze właściwe zarówno dla lingwistyki, jak i dla nauk społecznych. Należy wybrać odpowiednią grupę reprezentatywną współczesnych użytkowników języka polskiego, zgodnie z zasadami właściwymi dla typowych badań opinii publicznej. Konieczne są narzędzia ankietowe, umożliwiające stworzenie sytuacji przypominającej naturalną reakcję na formy błędne i poprawne. Aby określić poziom normy (np. formy wzorcowe, poprawne, dopuszczalne), trzeba wyznaczyć sposób interpretacji uzyskanych wyników (np. powyżej 85% odpowiedzi pozytywnych kwalifikuje wariant do normy wzorcowej, poniżej 65% – do form poza normą). W ten sposób uzyskano by wiarygodny obraz współczesnej normy językowej i powstałyby racjonalne podstawy opracowania normy skodyfikowanej. Istnieje bowiem silne oczekiwanie społeczne na wiarygodne źródło tego, w jaki sposób mówić i pisać po polsku. Istotne jest też stałe aktualizowanie wydawnictwa poprawnościowego, stąd wymóg umieszczenia go w Internecie, monitorowanie zmian uzusu i odnotowywanie tego.
The evolution of a language standard Sherertz, David D.
ACM Annual Conference/Annual Meeting: Proceedings of the ACM 1980 annual conference,
01/1980
Conference Proceeding
In 1977 the MUMPS Language Standard was approved as an American National Standard (X11.1-1977) by ANSI. The specification of the MUMPS Standard was carried out by the MUMPS Development Committee, ...which continues to direct the evolution of the language. This paper traces the standardization process from its inception in 1973 to the present, stressing the enhancements made to MUMPS since 1977. Features which will be included in the proposed 1982 MUMPS Standard are discussed, as well as other extensions currently being considered. A number of areas in which future changes may be made are also mentioned. These include not only simple additional functional capabilities, but also possible fundamental revisions needed to keep MUMPS in step with the technology of the 1980s. Finally, some of the lessons learned about the process of language standardization are described.
The article examines deliberate phonetic deviations in a literary text on the example of “Flowers for Algernon” by D. Keyes and its translations into Russian. Language experiments, which ...intentionally distort the language norm, are relatively rarely studied by scholars, which makes this article relevant. Violations of the phonetic norm, such as deviations in the pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, grammatical forms, and borrowed words, are usually caused by a lack of knowledge of orthoepic norms and rules. However, authors can use such violations as an effective stylistic device to create the speech portrait of a specific character. Changes occurring in the intellect and consciousness of the protagonist after the brain surgery are revealed at all levels of language, with phonetic and orthographic errors being the primary means of creating his speech characteristics. The intentional violation of the phonetic norm, graphically represented through graphons, allows to create an expressive speech portrait of a fictional character, without resorting to verbal descriptions. Thus, through a situational distortion of pronunciation, it becomes possible to vividly convey the character’s emotions. To translate the texts containing intentional phonetic deviations adequately, the translator should be very creative and resourceful; as graphons can only be expressed through orthographic means, such violations rarely look authentic in the target language. Therefore, compensation can be considered the most appropriate translation technique in such cases, which involves conveying elements of the source text with elements of a different order, not necessarily within the same textual fragment as in the original.
In this article we analyse variation in communicative style that appears in guests’ reviews and hotel responses on TripAdvisor, the popular travel and tourism platform. The aim of the study is to ...examine style features that appear in guests’ opinions and hotel responses. Although many studies in computer-mediated communication have identified informality and orality as key features in this type of communication, more recent studies claim the important communicative and linguistic variation that appears in language in CMO, making it impossible to offer an overview of Spanish on the internet, which instead must be observed in situated discourse practices. The analysis of style variation on a corpus composed of reviews and their responses shows that both guests and hotels exhibit traits of adaptability to the medium in order to achieve their communicative goals, but show different and divergent, if not opposed, communication styles, which reflect the users’ social realities and images, and the potential audiences to whom interactions are addressed, ultimately projecting different perceptions of linguistic standards, while expanding the possibilities of linguistic innovation and expression.
This study explored the role played by economic, cultural, and political power and influence when a particular dialect was elevated to the status of an official standard language. This was a ...qualitative study that employed text analysis where journal articles, dissertations, theses, academic books and Parliamentary Joint Constitutional Review minutes were considered for data collection and analysis. In order to supplement the above-mentioned method, 267 research participants involving students (undergraduate and postgraduate) and lecturers from the selected five South African universities, including members of the language authorities, were also invited to participate in the study. Self-administered survey questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were chosen as qualitative methods for data collection. From a dialectal point of view, this study indicated that all official standard languages were dialects before. However, these dialects were considered superior and elevated to the status of official languages because of socio-economic power and political influence. This article further recorded that the status type of language planning in the South African context is quite political in nature, not less linguistic. It was against this background that the researchers claim that there is no official standard language that was not a dialect before.
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