Forty years ago, the Castañeda v. Pickard landmark case marked an important milestone in the fight for equitable education for English learners
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in law, and for the first time linked theory, ...resources, and outcomes. Notwithstanding the important progress it marked in advocating for greater resources for English learners and accountability for education systems, the central goal of the Castañeda Standard, to “overcome language barriers that impede equal participation in educational programs” is fundamentally flawed. Language, in its essence, is not a barrier but a human characteristic and a strength, and knowledge of the English language, specifically, should not be the exclusive route to attain equal participation in education programs. In this article, we discuss the importance of the Castaňeda Standard and importantly, how we can build from its foundation toward more equitable learning systems, with a central focus on the early care and education system, which has thus far, been left out of formal standards and accountability for bilingual children, with some exceptions. We ground our discussion in the central tenet that improving standards must move away from the “language barrier ideology” to perceiving language as a strength to build on, and to include bilingualism and biliteracy as a central goal of learning systems, shifting away from an exclusive English learning focus. We discuss the importance of bringing a larger degree of objectivity, grounded in current science, to guide implementation. We track the same three pillars established by the Castaňeda Standard 40 years ago and further develop how these could apply to the early care and education systems that serve the youngest bilingual learners.
The purpose of the research the results of which are presented in the article is to show the language dynamics taking place under the influence of internet communication and in internet ...communication, on the example of selected syntax structures representing two mechanisms contributing to language dynamization, namely substitution and multiplication. In the article, based on quantitative corpus research in a diachronic approach, impact of internet communication, with observable distortion of the language standard, on the general standard Polish language is proven. An example of that impact is variability of the syntax structures selected for the research in scientific texts, that is in texts representing the highest correctness standards, subject to multiple linguistic corrections.
The profession of electric engineer gave Platonov an opportunity to be a writer and feel independent from literary groups in the 1920s. In the 1930s, he becomes a member of different literary ...associations. In these years, Platonov’s discourse undergoes different changes. His new vocabulary, whether normative and neutral (humanist, stratum, trifle, comrade) or non-normative (fool, scoundrel) reveals his dialogue with the regime that the writers’ unions were standing for. Platonov’s use of words demonstrates not “things” themselves but his attitude to them, and shows a new ideological borderline that the country had crossed in the year of the “great turning point.” Battles for a new language initiated by the Soviet regime immediately after October Revolution reached its apotheosis at that moment. The language reflected the crisis of worldviews, lifestyles, and values. The new meaning of the neutral vocabulary defines the structure and plot of Platonov’s works in the 1930s. Platonov turns to the language of literary organizations that were developing a new “language standard” as a form of social domination.
The paper examines the ideology of the best language in the Lithuanian speech community. The research is based on synthesis of various metalinguistic data collected during previous research by the ...author. The regularity of the findings and stereotypical attitudes found in the data suggest that the idea of the best Lithuanian in the Lithuanian speech community is closely linked to the largest city of Lithuania and the one of the highest social status – the capital Vilnius. Through the association with the city of Vilnius, the language of the „metropolis” and the „capital” acquires prestigious social meanings and the highest position in the hierarchy of Lithuanian language varieties. Metalinguistic localization in the metropolis gives following attributes to the best Lithuanian: non-dialectal, grammatical, correct, spoken by educated persons. Additional social values are developed through the association with the dwellers of the capital city and the urban center of the country itself: “modern”, “youthful”, “international”, “cosmopolitan”, “advanced”, as well as “self-confident”, “successful”, “wealthy”, “educated” and “cultivated”. All these attributions can be linked to the category dynamism, a valuable social value for, especially, young members of the community. Compared to the studies conducted elsewhere, it can be assumed that both linking of the ‘best speech’ with the speech of the metropolis or the capital city and the positive social associations of the capital city, is universal. All the research data collected using different methods during different investigations point to that there is basically no hierarchical relationship between the Vilnius speech and the standard Lithuanian in the best language perceptions of the Lithuanians. These two varieties are being integrated into one concept of the best speech spoken by best speaker, the one of the highest status, the most dynamic and competent as well possessing the best personality traits. Neither the stereotypical features associated with Vilnius speech (such as language mixing), nor the structural features of it (such as the so-called vowel lengthening, heavily criticized by the Lithuanian standard speech norm-setters), do not affect the concept of the best language by the community. Vilnius residents themselves and the general speech community evaluate linguistic features and prestige of the Vilnius speech differently from normative textbooks. The research presented in the paper makes it possible to predict that the link between capital Vilnius and the best speech of the community is the condition that will allow the speech of Vilnius to be taken over by language users and spread.
This article attempts to demonstrate the complexity of spoken language. First of all, the general characteristics of both varieties of language are dissussed, followed by an analysis of the ...differences between the spoken and written language. As spoken language is usually associated with non-standard language, the notion of standard and non-standard English will also be dissussed. The spoken and written language dissussed here refers to English only. In addition, spoken data were taken from spontaneous speech (conversation), whereas the written language data were taken from formal written works. Finally, it is their own way; thus one will never be easier or simpler than the other
Pleonasms in the Croatian standard language Hudecek, Lana; Lewis, Kristian; Mihaljevic, Milica
Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje,
01/2011, Letnik:
37, Številka:
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Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The authors have gathered a large corpus of pleonasms from language manuals, journals, dictionaries, students' papers and texts they have received for language editing. They were divided into ...different categories on the basis of syntactic (word, syntagm, sentence, text), semantic (hyperonym -- hyponym, synonymy, anthonymy, inclusion) and formal criteria (number of words). They have been analyzed from a descriptive and normative point of view and the cases of necessary pleonasms (stylistic, phraseological, onomastic, required by grammar, required by situation or context etc.) have been discussed. Adapted from the source document
이 논문은 『한국어 표준 교육과정』의 목표, 내용 체계, 영역별 성취기준, 교수·학습 방법 등을 분석하고, 이에 반영된 외국어로서 한국문학교육의 특징과 과제를 고찰하는 데 목적이 있다. 외국어로서 한국문학교육에 관한 연구는 다양한 주제와 유형으로 이루어졌으나 여전히 체계성을 갖추었다고 말하기는 어렵다. 이것이 한국어교육에서의 문학교육이 국가 수준 ...교육과정인 『한국어 표준 교육과정』에 입각해 재구성되어야 하는 이유이다. 『한국어 표준 교육과정』 분석 결과, 세 가지 큰 특징을 확인할 수 있었다. 첫째, 『한국어 표준 교육과정』에서 제시하고 있는 한국문학교육의 핵심 특징은 ‘텍스트 중심’ 혹은 언어기술과 문화 능력 증진에 필요한 텍스트 선정과 활용에 중점을 두고 있다는 점이다. 둘째, 『한국어 표준 교육과정』의 내용 체계 중 ‘주제’ 요소를 분석한 결과, 외국어로서 한국문학교육의 내용은 예술분야의 전문 지식으로 분류되어 위계화되어 있다는 점이다. 셋째, 『한국어 표준 교육과정』에 반영되어 있는 문학교육의 관점은 ‘실체 중심 문학관’에 입각한 것으로 판단할 수 있으며, 이는 한국어교육 현장에서 요구하는 한국문학 제재 선정기준과 괴리되는 문제를 초래할 수 있다는 점이다. 이 논문에서는 이와 같은 분석 결과와 특징을 종합하여, 『한국어 표준 교육과정』에 근거한 외국어로서 한국문학교육의 실천 과제를 세 가지로 제시하였다.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the goals, content system, achievement standards, teaching and learning methods of the 『Korean Language Standard Curriculum』, and to examine the characteristics and tasks of Korean literature education as a foreign language reflected therein. Research on Korean literature education as a foreign language has been conducted in various themes and types, but it is still difficult to say that it is systematic. Literature education in Korean language education should be reconstructed based on the national level curriculum, the 『Korean Language Standard Curriculum』. As a result of the analysis of 『Korean Language Standard Curriculum』, three major characteristics were summarized. First, the core feature of Korean literature education is 'text-centered' or focuses on the selection and use of texts necessary for the improvement of language function and cultural competence. Second, as a result of analyzing the 'subject' element in the content system of 『Korean Language Standard Curriculum』, the content of Korean literature education as a foreign language is classified as specialized knowledge in the field of art. Third, the perspective of literature education reflected in the 『Korean Language Standard Curriculum』 can be judged to be based on the ‘substance-centered view of literature'. There may be a problem that is different from the criteria for selecting Korean literature sanctions required by the Korean language education field. By synthesizing these analysis results and characteristics, three research and practice tasks for Korean literature education as a foreign language based on the 『Korean Language Standard Curriculum』 were presented.
The article focuses on basic problems of multicultural education in Russia. The role of Russian belles-lettres text in the creation of dialogic consciousness and formation of personality required in ...the situation of new global threats is revealed.
Issues of digital preservation of shapes and internal structures of historical cultural objects are discussed. An overview of existing approaches to digital preservation related to shape modeling is ...presented and corresponding problems are considered. We propose a new digital preservation paradigm based on both constructive modeling reflecting the logical structure of the objects and open standards and procedures. Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) and Function Representation (FRep) are examined and practically applied as mathematical representations producing compressed yet precise data structures, thus providing inter‐operability between current and future computer platforms crucial to archiving. Examples of CSG reconstruction of historical temples and FRep modeling of traditional lacquer ware are given. We examine the application of fitting of a parameterized FRep model to a cloud of data points as a step towards automation of the modeling process. Virtual venues for public access to cultural heritage objects including real time interactive simulation of cultural heritage sites over the Web are discussed and illustrated.
In this chapter, Kengo CHIBA demonstrates that research and education influenced the development of the Chéngdū dialect as the dominant form of Western Mandarin. First, Joseph Edkins identified ...Western Mandarin and selected the Chéngdū dialect as the representative dialect. Second, a variety of dictionaries and textbooks on Western Mandarin were published by Western missionaries. This activity helped the augmentation of the legitimacy of the Chéngdū dialect. Third, the motivation for publishing was dialect education at the West China Union University which required teaching materials. Thus, a large variety of written materials were published in the dialect, which were then widely disseminated, providing the Chéngdū dialect with prestige and a foundation to serve as the regional Mandarin koine standard.
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