In the teaching and learning of foreign languages, the native speaker has traditionally been the model to aspire to. However, more recent approaches to the discipline have been moving away from this ...notion. Foreign language education finds itself at present at a crossroads with multiple models of language and culture competence. So far no investigation has focused on the diversity of the paradigmatic changes in the models of competence that come about as a result, or evaluated what the old and new models imply in theory and practice. This paper exposes some of the complex assumptions behind these models as well as the pedagogical trends that have influenced their constructions. It also highlights some of the contradictions that are still present in the new cultural paradigms for the discipline.
Critical moments occur when a language comes to be written as well as spoken, and then when it comes to function as a standard language for some sort of nation‐state. In the sociohistorical ...perspective English is acquiring a new identity as the global language of the late capitalist world. There is no intrinsic value in the various expression features that characterize the standard variety of a language. The systemic processes are going on in the language itself as it moves into the new sociopolitical contexts. Since human societies are organized hierarchically, the innovations in meaning potential that are part of these historical processes begin by being the prerogative of a favored few. Translation is also, as often pointed out, a process of metaphor: not a prototype, since it is a second‐order semiotic activity, but perhaps the limiting case.
표준 국어 문법 형태론 분야의 특징과 활용 구본관; Koo Bon-kwan; 황화상 ...
언어와 정보 사회,
07/2018, Letnik:
34
Journal Article
This paper aims to describe the characteristics of the morphology in the standard Korean grammar and to examine the way it will be utilized. The morphology in the standard Korean grammar is composed ...of three major parts, that is the morphological units(morpheme, word), word class, and word formation. The composition of the morphology in the standard Korean grammar is not much different from that of the general morphology. But the morphology in the standard Korean grammar is considerably different from the general morphology in details such as the grammatical category of ida(be), the governing and restrictive function of affixes, the kind of the irregular conjugation, and so on.
The morphology in the standard Korean grammar can play many important roles as a reference morphology. First, it can provide the basis of a theoretical description of Korean language. Second, it can provide the theoretical basis for revision of practical grammar(such as school grammar, Korean language educational grammar, and so on), Korean dictionary, and Korean language standard. Third, it can form the basis of the general public’s language life.
Standard English Bex, Tony; Watts, Richard J
1999, 20020131, 2002-01-31
eBook
Standard English draws together the leading international scholars in the field, who confront the debates surrounding 'Standard English', grammar and correctness head-on.These debates are as intense ...today as ever and extend far beyond an academic context. Current debates about the teaching of English in the school curriculum and concerns about declining standards of English are placed in a historical, social and international context. Standard English:
explores the definitions of 'Standard English', with particular attention to distinctions between spoken and written English
traces the idea of 'Standard English' from its roots in the late seventeenth century through to the present day.
This is an accessible, seminal work which clarifies an increasingly confused topic. It includes contributions from: Ronald Carter, Jenny Cheshire, Tony Crowley, James Milroy, Lesley Milroy and Peter Trudgill.
The paper gives an overview of the problems connected with the normative status of the particle/conjunction groups da li and je li as well as the particle/conjunction li. The authors show that there ...are some mistakes connected with the explanation of the normative status and the distribution of these groups and this particle and they question the normative rule according to which the group da li is substituted by the particle li (this is often mistakenly considered substitution of the group da li with the group je li, although the group je li, with the exception of the group je li da which has the function of a complementary question, doesn't exist in the standard language as the particle/conjunction group as its first element always has the 3rd person present of the verb biti). The normative status of the group je li is determined, i.e. it is shown that it is either obsolete in Croatian or it belongs to colloquial style. They also challenge the rules according to which the normative status of the group da li in a direct question is different from its status in indirect questions and according to which the group da li in the standard language appears in expressing confirmation and in alternative questions. The authors give conditions for the substitution of the group da li with the particle/conjunction li, i.e. syntactic contexts in which this change it not possible or is not necessary are given. Adapted from the source document
Promatra li se hrvatski jezik u njegovu dugotrajnom tijeku, vidi se kako zbog povijesnih,
socioloških, geografskih, demografskih, ekonomskih, političkih i inih razloga ima
osobit razvitak i slojevitu ...strukturu. Počevši od prvih pisanih spomenika (Baščanska i Humačka
ploča iz 11. i 12. stoljeća), kad se ostvarivao kao jezik pismenosti i književnoga početništva,
kroz niz razvojnih epoha obilježenih promjenama fonološke, morfološke, sintaktičke
i leksičke naravi, pa do najnovijeg doba, koje je u središtu ovoga rada, hrvatski jezik
postigao je svoju sustavnu standardizaciju potvrdivši se kao autonoman i polivalentan jezik
javne komunikacije.
U tom dugotrajnom hodu pratile su ga različite kušnje, prijetnje, zabrane i prisile i unatoč
svim tim teškoćama hrvatski je jezik opstao u svojoj vitalnosti.
Danas je hrvatski jezik u Bosni i Hercegovini i sustavno i zakonski ravnopravan s ostala dva
službena jezika. Ipak, unatoč neskladu njegovih ustavnopravnih rješenja i stvarne jezične
uporabe, analiza u radu pokazuje kako će on izdržati i aktualne poteškoće i zamke te ostati
jedinstven jezik hrvatskoga naroda. Stoga treba voditi promišljenu jezičnu politiku i planiranje
statusa hrvatskoga jezika.
Pleonazmi u hrvatskome standardnom jeziku Mihaljević, Milica; Hudeček, Lana; Lewis, Kristian
Rasprave: Časopis Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje,
12/2011, Letnik:
37, Številka:
1
Paper
Odprti dostop
U radu se na temelju prikupljenoga korpusa pleonazama daju različiti formalni, sintaktički i semantički kriteriji podjele pleonazama te se pleonazmi dijele na nepotrebne i potrebne. Pleonazmi se ...analiziraju s deskriptivnoga i normativnoga stajališta.
남북언어규범의 차이와 중국조선어규범 문제 김영수; Yong Shou Jin
Kugŏ kyoyuk,
02/2010, Letnik:
131
Journal Article
The goal of this paper is to prove socio-cultural characteristics through linguistics analysis in the signboard language using at Hongjedong in Seoul and Hawaii Korea Town. First I analyzed the whole ...name of signboards into the unique name and the name of business type. The letter types of signboard are Hangeul, Chinese letters, Roman alphabet, Arabic numerals, and etc.. Indication expressions of human, region, worth are used in the unique name, especially indication expressions of family, for example {-ne(네)}, are widely used in the unique name of Seoul. This fact shows that Korean society emphasize the family before each single person. A comparison between the name of business type of Seoul and Hawaii, indication expression of place are the most used in Seoul, for example {-hoe(會)}, {-won(院)}, and etc. In comparison, indication expression of man are the most used in Hawaii, for example {-in(人)}, {-sa(士)}, and etc. Indication expression of place are widely used in English, for example { -mateu(mart) / -maket(market) / -(syap)shop / -(senteo)center / -keulleop(club) / -house(house)}, and etc.
U radu se daje pregled problema povezanih s normativnim statusom čestičnih/vezničkih skupina da li, je li i čestice/veznika li. Pokazuje se da postoji nekoliko pogrješaka povezanih s tumačenjem ...normativnog statusa i raspodjele tih skupina i te čestice te se provjerava normativno pravilo prema kojemu skupinu da li treba u standardnome jeziku zamijeniti česticom li (o tome se posve pogrješno često piše kao o zamjeni da li s je li, a skupina je li, s iznimkom skupine je li da koja ima funkciju dopunskoga pitanja, u standardnome jeziku ne postoji kao čestična/veznička skupina jer je njezin prvi član uvijek 3. lice prezenta glagola biti). Određuje se normativni status skupine je li, tj. pokazuje se da je ona u hrvatskome jeziku ili zastarjela ili da pripada razgovornomu stilu. Također se provjeravaju pravila u skladu s kojima se normativni status skupine da li u izravnome pitanju razlikuje od njezina statusa u neizravnome pitanju i prema kojima se skupina da li i u standardnome jeziku pojavljuje pri izricanju potvrdnosti te u alternativnim pitanjima. Donose se uvjeti zamjenjivosti skupina da li česticom/veznikom li, tj. izdvajaju se sintaktički konteksti u kojima ta zamjena nije potrebna ili nije moguća.
I hope by now you’re convinced that the title of this book isn’t an oxymoron. However, it’s quite likely there’s some area of programming that’s of great practical importance to you that I haven’t ...discussed at all. For instance, I haven’t said anything about how to develop graphical user interfaces (GUIs), how to connect to relational databases, how to parse XML, or how to write programs that act as clients for various network protocols. Similarly, I haven’t discussed two topics that will become important when you write real applications in Common Lisp: optimizing your Lisp code and packaging your application for delivery.
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