Legacy is a legal institute created in Roman law. Its significance is based on the circumstance that the testator orders the heir or some other person (debtor of the legacy) to transfer to the ...legatee from the inheritance some property benefit which may consist of handing over one or more certain things or rights, paying a certain amount of money, releasing a debt , some doing, not doing or suffering in favor of the legatee, etc., i.e. in all that may be the subject of any other obligation, provided that it is possible, permissible and determinable or determinable. The paper presents the concept of legacy, its development through history, regulation by modern legislation with special reference to the subject of legacies and its special types. Also, the importance of the necessary part of the heir, the inclusion of the legacy in the necessary part and the institute of the privileged heir were especially emphasized.
Survivor oral histories have helped determine research questions in Holocaust studies and propelled the field’s largest archival efforts. With those storytellers now passing at an ever-quickening ...pace, however, some oral historians are turning to descendants as the faces of memory. These researchers work with descendants to individualize the enormity of Holocaust history in classrooms and for wider audiences. Historians recognize that succeeding generations are not eyewitnesses to the Holocaust, though they can give voice to the lived legacies of genocide. I seek to bring these experiences into my teaching in a way that also produces indelible sources for future research. To this end, I recently began teaching a course called “Holocaust Legacies and Oral History.” Students in this class each conduct a recorded interview with a descendant of survivors. Students and professor work as a team to define the historical purposes of our interviews, draft questions, and prepare. This article the results of this class in terms of pedagogies, successes, areas for improvement, and connections created between classroom and community. The methods employed in this class are affordable and usable at virtually any interested institution.
Los impactos de la independencia del Brasil y de su despliegue posterior a lo largo del siglo XIX y de comienzos del XX fueron muy fuertes en sus países vecinos de América del Sur, con consecuencias ...mayores en el caso de Uruguay, dada su pequeñez sobre todo demográfica y su ubicación geopolítica como Estado frontera entre Brasil y Argentina. El texto propuesto propone examinar la mirada uruguaya sobre el proceso de independencia de Brasil y su experiencia política moderna, poniendo en cuestión algunos tópicos clásicos de los orígenes del Brasil independiente (su herencia imperial, su fundación horizontal, las peculiaridades de su influjo sobre los Estados vecinos, entre otros). Asimismo, en el texto se examinarán los múltiples impactos de ese proceso en el marco paralelo de la constitución progresiva del Estado uruguayo desde la Colonia hasta los comienzos del siglo XX, con la consideración de numerosos hitos de interacción e influencia. A partir de esa hoja de ruta, se culmina con una parte final que registra de manera sintética algunos desafíos de “larga duración” de esa marca originaria en las relaciones asimétricas de Brasil y Uruguay en la región.
The impacts of Brazil's independence and its subsequent deployment throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries were very strong in neighboring South American countries, with greater consequences in the case of Uruguay, given its smallness, especially demographically, and its geopolitical location as a border state between Brazil and Argentina. From a critical assumption on the categories of Independence and Nation, the proposed text proposes to examine the Uruguayan view on the process of Brazilian independence and its modern political experience, questioning some classic topics of the origins of independent Brazil (its imperial heritage, its horizontal foundation, the peculiarities of its influence on neighboring states, among others). The text will also examine the multiple impacts of this process in the parallel framework of the progressive constitution of the Uruguayan state from colonial times to the beginning of the 20th century, with the consideration of numerous milestones of interaction and influence. Based on this road map, the text ends with a final part that synthetically records some "long-lasting" challenges of this original mark in the asymmetrical relations between Brazil and Uruguay in the region.
•Mixed-severity fire created sufficient heterogeneity for savanna animal species.•Time-since-fire/severity interaction drove structural complexity decades post-fire.•Fire severity explained > 14 ...times more structural variation than time-since-fire.•Low fire severities alone did not generate all structures required by historic animals.•Management minimizing fire regime variation will not fully support biodiversity.
Globally, savanna ecosystems are shifting outside of “safe operating spaces” due to removal of their primary self-reinforcing feedback—fire—and subsequent erosion of disturbance legacies. Restoring savannas will require reinstating fire feedbacks. But knowledge gaps in the nature of historic fire regimes and how mechanisms such as time-since-fire and fire severity interact to produce disturbance legacies hinders development of ecologically relevant restoration targets. A theory-based approach for determining restoration targets is to compare structures produced by time-since-fire/fire severity interactions to structures that fostered animal communities that historically inhabited savannas. Here, we use a space-for-time substitution to quantify interactive effects of time-since-fire and fire severity on vegetation structures related to known animal community habitat preferences by surveying sites in 10-year-old and 27-year-old mixed-severity fires that occurred in an eastern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) savanna where fire was excluded since European settlement. Our specific objectives are to 1), quantify the relative strengths and interactive effects of time-since-fire and a full fire severity gradient on multivariate vegetation structure across landscape patches and 2), assess relationships between multivariate vegetation structures and time-since-fire/fire severity classes across landscape patches. We used a stratified random design to distribute 112 sampling plots by fire severity (unburned, low, moderate, and high) and time-since-fire (10 years and 27 years) and measured stand structure, tree cavity characteristics, and coarse woody debris. The interaction of time-since-fire and fire severity drove structure complexity for 27 years post-fire, but fire severity explained > 14 times the amount of variation in structure than time-since-fire alone. A full fire severity gradient (low-, moderate-, and high-severities) and structural changes within patches that experienced different fire severities generated sufficient patch-level heterogeneity to foster animal communities historically native to eastern ponderosa pine savannas. Structures generated by low fire severity alone, which is a common goal of fire management in easternmost ponderosa pine savannas, did not reflect sufficient structural complexity to support the diversity of endemic animal species. This indicates information legacies (i.e., represented by the distribution of species traits in a community) were shaped by mixed severity fire regimes, which provides further support for the scientific premise that management goals seeking to minimize variation in fire regimes (e.g., low intensity and low-severity fires only) is less able to support a full array of biodiversity. Rather, mixed-severity fire is an important driver of structural heterogeneity, fosters diverse information legacies, and enhances ponderosa pine savanna resilience to extreme fire.
In arid ecosystems, current-year precipitation often explains only a small proportion of annual aboveground net primary production (ANPP). We hypothesized that lags in the response of ecosystems to ...changes in water availability explain this low explanatory power, and that lags result from legacies from transitions from dry to wet years or the reverse. We explored five hypotheses regarding the magnitude of legacies, two possible mechanisms, and the differential effect of previous dry or wet years on the legacy magnitude. We used a three-year manipulative experiment with five levels of rainfall in the first two years (−80% and −50% reduced annual precipitation (PPT), ambient, +50% and +80% increased PPT), and reversed treatments in year 3. Legacies of previous two years, which were dry or wet, accounted for a large fraction (20%) of interannual variability in production on year 3. Legacies in ANPP were similar in absolute value for both types of precipitation transitions, and their magnitude was a function of the difference between previous and current-year precipitation. Tiller density accounted for 40% of legacy variability, while nitrogen and carry-over water availability showed no effect. Understanding responses to changes in interannual precipitation will assist in assessing ecosystem responses to climate change-induced increases in precipitation variability.
Rapid urbanization in China has brought about large-scale factory relocation. Severe environmental ecological and human health risks are caused by a large number of contaminated legacies left in the ...city. To comprehensively review the pollution and assess the health risk of industrial legacies in China, a total of 625 polluted industrial legacies were compiled by document retrieval. Legacies are mainly located in the southwest of China, the North China Plain, Yangtze River Basin, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta with a mean operation time of 35 years, and legacies of chemical manufacturing take the biggest proportion of all sites. Health risk assessments considering the uncertainty of exposure and toxic factors reveal that the soil heavy metal pollution in China is serious, with Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, and As as dominant pollutants. Legacies of chemical manufacturing, ferrous metal processing, non-ferrous metal processing, and mines should be priority controlled for their large number and serious risks. Children are the most vulnerable people with more serious non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, while males are slightly surpassed by females. Insights for better risk management of legacies are provided based on the comprehensive assessment of pollution and human health risk in this study.
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•A database with 625 industrial legacies is developed.•Legacies of chemical manufacturing take the biggest proportion.•Pollution and risk posed by Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, and As of legacies are serious.•Legacies of chemical manufacturing and ferrous metal processing are highly polluted.•Children are the most vulnerable to heavy metal pollution.
Plant community composition and functional traits respond to chronic drivers such as climate change and nitrogen (N) deposition. In contrast, pulse disturbances from ecosystem management can ...additionally change resources and conditions. Community responses to combined environmental changes may further depend on land‐use legacies. Disentangling the relative importance of these global change drivers is necessary to improve predictions of future plant communities. We performed a multifactor global change experiment to disentangle drivers of herbaceous plant community trajectories in a temperate deciduous forest. Communities of five species, assembled from a pool of 15 forest herb species with varying ecological strategies, were grown in 384 mesocosms on soils from ancient forest (forested at least since 1850) and postagricultural forest (forested since 1950) collected across Europe. Mesocosms were exposed to two‐level full‐factorial treatments of warming, light addition (representing changing forest management) and N enrichment. We measured plant height, specific leaf area (SLA) and species cover over the course of three growing seasons. Increasing light availability followed by warming reordered the species towards a taller herb community, with limited effects of N enrichment or the forest land‐use history. Two‐way interactions between treatments and incorporating intraspecific trait variation (ITV) did not yield additional inference on community height change. Contrastingly, community SLA differed when considering ITV along with species reordering, which highlights ITV’s importance for understanding leaf morphology responses to nutrient enrichment in dark conditions. Contrary to our expectations, we found limited evidence of land‐use legacies affecting community responses to environmental changes, perhaps because dispersal limitation was removed in the experimental design. These findings can improve predictions of community functional trait responses to global changes by acknowledging ITV, and subtle changes in light availability. Adaptive forest management to impending global change could benefit the restoration and conservation of understorey plant communities by reducing the light availability.
Light and warming reorder plant species towards taller forest understorey communities (a). Spring‐flowering species persist in dark ambient conditions, regardless whether soils originate from ancient forest or nutrient enriched postagricultural forest (b). These findings can improve predictions of the community distribution of key functional traits to global changes by acknowledging intraspecific trait variation, and subtle changes in light availability. Adaptive forest management to impending global change could benefit the restoration and conservation of typical understorey plant communities by reducing the light availability
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