•Institutional voids and contrasting cultural norms encourage different SME networking behaviour.•In Egypt, SMEs tend to cope through seeking strong personal ties with institutions; in UK weak ...business-like ties are normal.•In order to understand the responses of small internationalizing firms to domestic institutional condirions, an analysis is required that (1) combines institutional and cultural referents, and (2) crosses macro (culture, level of development), meso (institution) and micro (firm) levels of analysis.
This paper reports a comparative qualitative study of how decision-makers in internationalizing SMEs respond to relevant institutions in their domestic environment through networking activity. Twenty SMEs are compared respectively from a developing economy (Egypt) and a developed economy (UK). The two countries contrast both in the effectiveness of their institutional support for SMEs and in their cultural norms towards network relationships. Substantial differences are found between the two national samples in SME decision makers’ networking behaviour in response to specific institutional conditions. The links between institutional conditions, national cultural norms and SME networking responses are explicated in a new theoretical model.
This study applies a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to data from the Global Innovation Index (GII). Building on the National Innovation System's approach, this study posits that a country ...can achieve high innovation performance via several combinations of causal conditions. These conditions are the five input enablers of GII: institutions, human capital and research, infrastructure, market sophistication, and business sophistication. By defining two subsamples of countries (high-income and low-income), this study finds that several causal combinations of conditions lead to high innovation performance in both groups. In order to obtain better innovation performance, the low-income countries show more multifaceted solutions. These results indicate that none of the conditions is necessary for predicting high innovation performance in both samples. Additionally, in the low-income group, none of the conditions, individually, is sufficient to predict higher innovation performance, while in the high-income group the infrastructure and human capital and research conditions, on their own, are sufficient to obtain better innovation performance. These results indicate that the political decision-making processes required for improving the level of innovation need to be different for each group of countries.
The article is devoted to the study of the possible economic consequences of Ukraine’s accession to the European Union for this organization. Most researchers pay attention first of all to the ...possible results of Ukraine’s accession to the EU for itself. However, in order to understand the motives of certain opposition of Ukraine’s movement to this organization on the part of some of its members, it is important to assess the results of such accession for the EU and its members. Studies have shown that Ukraine is capable of strengthening the economic and security positions of the European Union. This can be realized through the creation of a defense hub in Ukraine, which will not only produce military products for supply to EU countries, but also provide its own army to protect the borders of the European Union. The undersaturated domestic market of Ukraine can become a driver for the European economy on its way out of the long depression. Cheap, but high-quality and motivated labor force in Ukraine, as well as its proximity to the European market, creates favorable conditions for the relocation of European investments from the countries of Southeast Asia. Ukraine’s natural resources will be able to reduce the dependence of EU countries on external suppliers and create favorable conditions for the development of «green» energy. At the same time, with the accession of Ukraine to the EU and NATO, the length of the border with such a dangerous neighbor as Russia is significantly increasing, which will require additional costs to strengthen it. In order to turn the potential gains from Ukraine’s accession to the EU into reality, significant expenditures on providing assistance to our country are necessary. Since Ukraine has significantly worse economic indicators than other EU countries, with its accession the average indicators for the EU will also deteriorate, which will negatively affect the global image of the organization. We should also not forget about the growing level of competition on European markets in those areas where Ukraine already has significant potential (agriculture, logistics, etc.). Understanding both the potential gains and threats is important for the proper construction of the EU membership strategy. Joint efforts are needed to create favorable conditions for realizing gains and minimizing potential threats.
The vast majority of foreign operations are serviced by currency. The exchange rate of the national currency has a significant impact on both the terms of foreign trade and the international movement ...of capital. For a more accurate assessment of the impact of the exchange rate on foreign economic activity, it is advisable to use the currency index as the ratio of the market (official) exchange rate to purchasing power parity. The aim of our study is to establish the relationship between the level of development of the country and the currency index (including quantitative), as well as the rationale for approaches to the choice of foreign trade partners based on the currency indices. As a factorial basis for the study, statistics in 130 countries of the world were used. In the analysis of the results, a hypothesis about the existence of the relationship between the level of development of the country (which was determined by GDP per capita) and the index of the currency index was put forward. The hypothesis test was conducted using correlation and regression analysis. The indicator of R2 was used as the criterion of connection density. The research was carried out both in the whole array of countries, and for individual groups. The analysis showed a fairly close relationship between the currency index and the level of country development (which is reflected in the high value of the coefficient of determination). Even the unification of countries into economic unions and the transition to duty-free trade does not eliminate the differentiation of the price level and, accordingly, differences in the currency index. This is confirmed by the analysis of the calculated in the article currency index for the EU. And even the use of a single currency in the euro area does not eliminate this problem.
Researching the past empirical studies, we find that the empirical results of using data from the same or similar stages of economic development tend to be very close; however, there will be some ...discrepancies when comparing the empirical results of data samples at different stages of development. In order to explain this phenomenon, a theoretical analysis is made on the regional differences in the impact of population ageing on national saving. By analysing the areas considered in this paper as being in different stages of economic development, the combined effects of population ageing on the national saving rate are different. In order to verify the above conclusions, the thresholds and threshold effects are estimated and tested through the threshold model. The results show that the impact of population ageing on the savings rate will be different due to different levels of economic development. When per capita income is below the threshold of 9001.69, population ageing has a greater negative impact on the national savings rate. When per capita income is above the threshold of 9001.69, the negative impact of population ageing on the national saving rate is smaller.
Objective Urban-rural integration, as an important means to improve the efficiency of agricultural production factor allocation, is a key factor that influences agricultural carbon emission ...efficiency. Methods This study explored the effect of urban-rural integration development on agricultural carbon emission efficiency and its mechanism of action using a combination of fixed effects model, spatial autoregressive model, and threshold effect model, based on measuring the level of urban-rural integration development and agricultural carbon emission efficiency using provincial panel data from 2005 to 2020 in China. Results The study found that: (1) On the whole, urban-rural integration development had a significant negative effect on agricultural carbon emission efficiency. The mechanism test showed that urban-rural integration development helped to improve the efficiency of low-carbon technologies in agriculture, but also had a significant negative impact on frontier technological progress, which in turn was not conducive to improving the efficiency of agricultural carbon emissions. The above findings still hold true under the spatial spillover perspective. (2) From the perspective of different dimensions of urban-rural integration development, “human resource integration” can effectively improve agricultural carbon emission efficiency by improving technical efficiency. Although both “land integration” and “capital integration” had a positive impact on technical efficiency, they were negatively constrained by technological progress, which ultimately hindered the overall improvement of agricultural carbon emission efficiency. (3) The threshold econometric analysis found that the level of regional economic development was a significant threshold variable that constrained the relationship between urban-rural integration development and agricultural carbon emission efficiency. When the level of regional economic development moved past the threshold, urban-rural integration development was able to produce a significant enhancement effect on agricultural carbon emission efficiency. Conclusion Therefore, in the process of promoting integrated urban-rural development, local governments should take into account the level of regional economic development and focus on building a system and mechanism for integrating “people” as the core and “land” and “capital” as a whole. This will create the conditions for the coordinated development of urban and rural areas as an opportunity to achieve high-quality development of low-carbon agriculture.
In recent years, healthcare has become a fundamental pillar of the level of well-being of any society. With the aim of improving the lives of countries and societies, in 2015 the United Nations (UN) ...approved the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set out in the Agenda are health and well-being (O3) and the reduction of inequalities (O10). The general objective of this paper is to analyse the impact that the level of socioeconomic development, as well as the evolution of inequalities, have had on public spending on health in European Union countries. The research methodology is based on the application of a regression model and statistical techniques such as sigma convergence, beta convergence and the Gini index. We can see that the levels of public spending on health per capita, the level of socio-economic development and the degree of inequality are closely related in these countries. For this reason, we suggest maintaining sustainable economic growth to reduce the economic disparities between EU countries, and also the current differences in public spending on health per capita.
Relevance of the research topic is due to the need of developed and developing states of the world in renaissance and improvement of industrial policy as a key instrument of economic development ...strategy in a globalizing world. Formulation of the problem. The efficiency of industrial policy in countries with different level of development depends on the fact how principles the policy is based on take into consideration the starting national conditions and requirements and trends of global market. For the countries with the same levels of income it is possible to determine the common directions of industrial development strategies and efficient tools of industrial policy. Under similar starting conditions differences in approaches to industrial policy may also determine the differences in results of its implementation; under different starting conditions they can entail the smoothing out of economic performance and a rapid convergence of economies.Analysis of recent research and publications. Some issues on industrial policy implementation in the countries of the world were investigated by both domestic and foreign scholars: A. I. Amosha, A. Andreoni, K. Warwick, V. P. Vyshnevsky, V. M. Heyets, G. Cresti, J. Lin., V. I. Liashenko, A. Noman, I. Nubler, K. Ohno, H. alazar-Xirinachs, E. Starikov, J. Stiglitz, V. Treichel, K. Shwab. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. In spite of the multiple attempts to generalize the approaches and instruments of industrial policy for groups of countries the search of optimal design of industrial policy is still going on, what makes the adoption of important industrial development regulations complicated and is the reason of bitter discussions between the branches of authorities in the course of formation of Strategy of Ukrainian industrial complex development, legislative regulation of «industrial visa-free» and export duties on some types of feedstock. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is generalization of the experience of industrial policies in countries with different levels of economic development and justification of the need to use it in setting the basic principles of domestic industrial policies. Method or methodology for conducting research. In the research we used general and specific scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, historical, comparison, dialectical method of knowledge; also methods of statistical analysis, monographic research for countries’ experience, expert assessment method for elaboration the recommendations on industrial policy implementation in transformation economies. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The industrial policy of three groups of countries – with high, middle and low income – are studied due to their historical development. Socioeconomic and institutional conditions of countries, where the implementation of a certain type of industrial policy had positive or negative results, were determined. The analysis of the Ukrainian industrial performance and industrial policy showed that the policy should be revised according to the relevance of instruments and measures to the challenges of internal and global environment. The priority directions of industrial development are determined and the key principles of industrial policy in Ukraine are justified based on foreign experience. The field of application of results. The results of this research can be applied in the process of industrial regulatory framework formation, in the Concept of state industrial policy and the Strategy of industrial development elaboration by central executive authorities, and in the preparation of relevant sections of programs of regions’ socioeconomic and cultural development. Conclusions according to the article. In the study it is determined that these are the protectionism measures and innovation activity stimulation which are the base of the modern industrial policies in the countries with a high level of development; the middle-income countries should prioritize innovation and technology policies; the low-income states including Ukraine should focus on industrial modernization, import substitution, and the integration into global value chains in order to accelerate their socioeconomic development and strengthen the competitiveness over the world markets.
PDF
