ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The basic aim of the research is to investigate the impacts of research and development (R&D) on manufacturing trade. Six hypotheses are tested. The focus is on possible ...non-linear effect of R&D on trade flows and whether R&D helps overcome the distance and the role of level of economic development on manufacturing trade. The panel unit root test and panel econometric methods are employed on the adapted gravity trade model using the panel data for Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries during the period 1995-2003. The results of the research indicate that R&D is positively associated with manufacturing trade for exporting countries, while results are mixed for importing countries. The results reject the non-linear relationship between R&D and manufacturing exports. Estimations suggest that R&D may contribute to overcoming the effects of distance on manufacturing exports and may strengthen import specialization. R&D is found as the way to foster exports of manufacturing products from developing to developed OECD countries. // ABSTRACT IN CROATIAN: Osnovni cilj ovoga rada je istraziti utjecaj istrazivanja i razvoja na trgovinu proizvoda preradivacke industrije. Testira se sest hipoteza. Fokus je na mogucim nelinearnim ucincima istrazivanja i razvoja na trgovinske tijekove te pomazu li istrazivanje i razvoj prevladati udaljenosti i ulogu razine gospodarskog razvoja na trgovinu proizvodnje. Panel test jedinicnih korijena i panel ekonometrijske metode su primijenjene na prilagodeni gravitacijski trgovacki model pomocu panel podataka Organizacije za ekonomsku suradnju i razvoj (OECD) u vremenskom razdoblju od 1995-2003. godine. Rezultati istrazivanja pokazuju da su istrazivanje i razvoj pozitivno povezani s trgovinom proizvodnje za zemlje izvoznice, dok su rezultati mjesoviti za zemlje uvoznice. Rezultati odbijaju nelinearnu vezu izmedu istrazivanja i razvoja i izvoza proizvodnje. Procjene nagovjestavaju da istrazivanje i razvoj mogu doprinijeti prevladavanju ucinaka udaljenosti izvoza proizvodnje i mogu ojacati izvoznu specijalizaciju. Istrazivanje i razvoj se vidi kao nacin poticanja izvoza proizvoda iz zemalja u razvoju u razvijene zemlje clanice OECD-a. Reprinted by permission of the University of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, Ivana Filipovica 4, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Paper considers the task of assessment of regions' economic development level using composite index assessment technology. It is proposed to design composite index by block convolution of two groups ...of partial indicators. First group contains indicators measured in absolute scale. Second group consists of relative measures of dynamics. For each group we proposed own procedure for data normalization and own method for data convolution in partial composite index. The procedure for identification of intervals' bounds on the composite index's scale for each level of economic development is proposed to the aim of classification of Ukraine's regions. Presented means for identification of intervals' bounds of data grouping may be used to solve other tasks independently from the way of design of composite index and set of initial indicators. The results calculated may be used in the decision-making system as source data for further calculations, as well as a criterion for determining the socio-economic development directions.
Forests serve an important role in any region of the world. They are the source of many goods and services. One of the factors of gross domestic product (GDP) is “forest rents.” The main objective of ...this article is to determine the share of forest products (roundwood) in GDP in selected regions. The share of the forest sector in GDP reflects its importance to the national economy. The
key problem is that in most affected countries the share of forestry in GDP is at a very low level of development. This is manifested, for example, through the sale of wood on the ground and the virtual lack of any wood industry. Together with the level of economic development, this reduces the share of forestry in GDP. At the same time there are changes in priorities and leading functions performed by forests. This reduces the importance of forest production for environmental and social issues. The priority in the economic development of the world should be sustainable environmental resources. It should intensify and optimize cooperation between the various economic sectors and different countries in order to optimize the use of forest resources of the world. / Synopsis. Lasy mają ogromne znaczenie niezależnie od regionu świata. Są dostarczycielem towarów i usług. Jednym z czynników mających wpływ na produkt krajowy brutto (PKB) jest leśnictwo definiowane jako renta leśna (forest rents). Głównym celem publikacji jest określenie udziału produktów leśnych (tu rozumianych, jako drewno okrągłe) w produkcie krajowym brutto w
wybranych regionach. Udział sektora leśnego w produkcie krajowym brutto odzwierciedla znaczenie sektora dla gospodarki kraju. Kluczowym problemem jest to, iż w większości krajów, w których udział leśnictwa ma duże znaczenie w PKB, poziom ich rozwoju jest bardzo niski. Przejawia się to m.in. poprzez sprzedaż drewna na gruncie oraz praktycznie brakiem jakiegokolwiek przemysłu drzewnego. Wraz z poziomem rozwoju gospodarczego zmniejsza się udział leśnictwa w PKB. Równocześnie następują zmiany priorytetów i wiodących funkcji pełnionych przez lasy. Zmniejsza się znaczenie funkcji produkcyjnych na rzecz ekologicznych i społecznych. Priorytetem w rozwoju
gospodarczym świata powinna być zrównoważona gospodarka zasobami środowiska naturalnego.
Należy intensyfikować i optymalizować współpracę pomiędzy różnymi sektorami gospodarki oraz krajami w celu optymalnego wykorzystania zasobów leśnych świata.
Non-balanced development of economy which is China's basic national conditions. The imbalance between supply and demand of Inter-regions which is an important performance that imbalance between ...supply and demand of Rural infrastructure. By analysis the factor of the supply and demand of rural infrastructure, statement different assumptions, choose appropriate indicators and data, then carrying on Regression analysis, Evaluate comprehensively the factors that lead to the regional differences in supply and demand of China's rural infrastructure.
Osnovni cilj ovog rada je istražiti utjecaj istraživanja i razvoja na trgovinu proizvoda prerađivačke industrije. Testira se šest hipoteza. Fokus je na mo-gućim nelinearnim učincima istraživanja i ...razvoja na trgovinske tijekove te pomažu li istraživanje i razvoj prevladati udaljenosti i ulogu razine gospodar-skog razvoja na trgovinu proizvodnje. Panel test jediničnih korijena i panel ekonometrijske metode su primijenjene na prilagođeni gravitacijski trgovački model pomoću panel podataka Organizacije za ekonomsku suradnju i razvoj (OECD) u vremenskom razdoblju od 1995.-2003. godine. Rezultati istraživa-nja pokazuju da su istraživanje i razvoj pozitivno povezani s trgovinom proiz-vodnje za zemlje izvoznice, dok su rezultati mješoviti za zemlje uvoznice. Rezultati odbijaju nelinearnu vezu između istraživanja i razvoja i izvoza proiz-vodnje. Procjene nagovještavaju da istraživanje i razvoj mogu doprinijeti prev-ladavanju učinaka udaljenosti izvoza proizvodnje i mogu ojačati izvoznu spe-cijalizaciju. Istraživanje i razvoj se vidi kao način poticanja izvoza proizvoda iz zemalja u razvoju u razvijene zemlje članice OECD-a.
Background:
Counselling and psychotherapy services have taken off with uneven speed across China since the 1980s after several years of stagnation. Researchers have attributed socioeconomic ...development (or the lack thereof) and regional differences as main barriers to the development in this field. However, little is known today about the status of counselling and psychotherapy services across China.
Aims:
To investigate and compare the current situation of practitioners and service delivery of counselling and psychotherapy in more developed and developing regions across China.
Method:
Convenience sampling methods from counselling and psychological services organizations in 29 Chinese provinces, municipalities or autonomous regions were used to recruit 1,543 participants to take part in the investigation by completing a 93-item self-designed questionnaire.
Results:
Organizations in developing and more developed regions in China varied in their current practices and employment situation of their practitioners, and in the quality of service delivery. However, counselling and psychotherapy offered at universities in both types of regions are of similar quality.
Conclusion:
In China, the level of socioeconomic development significantly influences the development of professional counselling and psychotherapy services. Important progress is evident in the field; however, the lack of systematic training and the scarcity of professional practitioners remain a challenge.
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