Розвиток інтеграційних процесів в умовах глобалізації міжнародних економічних зв’язків, активне переміщення фізичних та юридичних осіб, використання електронних переказів, віртуальних платіжних ...систем, надання міжнародних поштових послуг призводить до того, що відносини з необґрунтованого збагачення можуть виходити за межі однієї держави та набувати транскордонного характеру. Метою даної статті є аналіз підходів до поняття «необґрунтованого збагачення» у праві, доктрині та судовій практиці зарубіжних країн, а також виявлення основних проблем при кваліфікації даного визначення. У статті акцентовано увагу на тому, що у сучасних правових системах можливість відновлення порушеного балансу інтересів учасників цивільного обороту внаслідок неправомірного переміщення майна від однієї особи до іншої у тому чи іншому вигляді прямо передбачена в законі або набула розвитку в судовій практиці в рамках інституту безпідставного збагачення. Основним колізійним правилом визначення статуту зобов’язання з безпідставного збагачення є право країни, якому підпорядковані існуючі або передбачувані правовідносини, у зв’язку з якими має місце безпідставне збагачення (lex causae condictionis). Наголошено, що на сучасному етапі зобов’язання з безпідставного збагачення визнаються самостійним видом зобов’язання у системі зобов’язального права поруч із договором і зобов’язаннями із заподіяння шкоди. Підкреслено, що становленню даного інституту передував тривалий процес розвитку уявлень про безпідставне збагачення.
How do we qualify the foreign administrative decisions that enable legal effects in municipal law? This procedural question, labelled as ‘the qualification problem’ in legal scholarship, triggers the ...attention of both theorists and legal practitioners. The qualification problem arises in those cases where municipal law requires any form of administrative action of the domestic administrative authority towards a foreign administrative decision. Here, the domestic administrative authority faces the problem of how to qualify these administrative decisions. In principle, three various approaches may be considered – qualification based on lex causae, lex fori, or autonomous understandings would theoretically be possible. This article argues in favour of the exclusive use of lex fori in such situations.
In this preliminary ruling (C-73/20), the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) faces again (as did in former case law), the issue of what law is applicable to detrimental acts within the ...course of a cross border insolvency proceeding. On this occasion, the CJEU analyses how and when, –according to the EU Private International Law (EU PIL) at hand for those proceedings, i.e.: the lex spe-cialis (articles 4 and 13 Insolvency Regulation) and the lex generalis (article 12 para 1 lit a Rome I Re-gulation)–, which one is of application to determine the law applicable to acts which can be considered as “detrimental” to all the creditors. With other words, whether it would be applicable to the detrimental act, the lex concursus which governs the insolvency proceedings as a whole or the lex contractus which governs the law to the contract which led in these detrimental acts. However, the particularity of this case which is highly significant is grounded in the different relationships of the parties as a consequence of an “alleged” assignment between the insolvent company, the original debtor and an outsider creditor to this cross-border insolvency proceeding. Something that the CJEU did not pore it over as expected.
Issues on choice of law are sometimes very complex, and the resulting outcome may be determinative of most litigations. This is especially true where the litigation concerns cross-border transactions ...involving states with diverse laws and di erent legal traditions. Thus, it is important for parties to be able to accurately predict the applicable law of their international sales contract in advance to enable them to plan the activities relating to their contracts with certainty. The existence of uncertainty with regard to the applicable law in most legal systems especially at common law makes it difficult for contracting parties to plan or resolve disputes that may arise from their commercial contracts, either by themselves or by the court. This situation is an unpleasant one which presents an undesirable state of affairs to the business world. At common law, although it is true that the legal certainty required with respect to the applicable law of international commercial contracts can be achieved by a choice of law clause, it should be noted that most of such contracts do not contain this clause. This article attempts to contribute to existing literature on choice of law for contract in South Africa and also provide solutions, based on the underlying principles of private international law of contract, that effectively address the uncertainty in this area of law. To achieve its task, the article examines the various connecting factors considered by the South African courts in determining the applicable law (also, the proper law or governing law) of international contracts in situations where the parties do not insert a choice of law clause in their international contracts for sale of goods. The factors considered in this regard include the place of conclusion of contract, domicile, habitual residence and place of performance. These factors, in most situations, serve as the primary connecting factors considered by the courts in arriving at an answer with regard to the objective proper law/applicable law of an international sale contract (and other international commercial contracts) in South Africa. Further, the article examines why it is important for South African courts, and common law courts in general, to even go through the exercise of determining the applicable law in matters of international commercial disputes and not simply rely on the lex fori in dealing with such litigations (since, a lex fori approach might be much easier).
The nationality of ships as a point of contact to determine the applicable law for maritime liens has lost its importance, due, among other things, to the widespread use of open registries. The ...unification of legal rules relating to the registration of ships and to the determination of the applicable law for maritime liens has not sufficiently achieved its goals. As a result, the application of various points of contact from State practice does not contribute to the legal protection of the status of claimants to the maritime liens. Therefore, it is suggested to refer to the law of the closest connection for maritime liens through the application of the escape clause.
The qualification in Private International Law is the specific interpretation of the collision rule and from this depends the definition of the applicable law. The Serbian Act on resolving conflicts ...of laws with the regulations of other countries defines the qualification on the way who requests the additional explanation. The acceptable attitude is that the abovementioned rule of that Act defines the gradual qualification. That qualification is the combination of the qualification by the lex fori and by the lex causae. Some comparative legislations regulate this problem better than the abovementioned Act in our country and defines the qualification by lex fori or gradual qualification. In consideration of the impossibility of the definition the qualification by the autonomous notions or some other qualification, we must accept the gradual qualification. The Draft of the new Act on Private International Law defines qualification by lex fori and functional qualification, if the first one cannot be applied. The paper criticizes the functional qualification and suggests that, in a clearer and unambiguous way, defines a gradual qualification.
One of the most difficult problems of application of conflict-of-laws rules in the international private law is the problem of statement and permission of a preliminary (collateral) question. This ...results from the fact that in the scientific doctrine there was no uniform understanding of the legal nature and ways of permission of a preliminary question, and lack of his fixing at the legislative level. In article the concept of a preliminary (collateral) question as legal treatment of the actual circumstances accompanying consideration of the main legal relationship reveals and also examples of those actions which need to be executed before definition of applicable law to the main legal relationship or in the course of its application are given. Permission of a preliminary question is necessary for the correct and complete idea of all actual facts of the case arising by consideration of the civil dispute complicated by a foreign element. The author reveals possible solutions of various options of a preliminary (collateral) question, in particular, by means of use of the right of the country of court (lex fori), the right of the country with which legal relationship in general (lex causae), and also the legal procedure of the national right is connected.
When insolvency proceedings have been opened in one EU Member State, then the European Insolvency Regulation applies and the applicable law is the law of the State of the opening (lex fori ...concursus). Courts of the State of the opening are also competent to hear and decide actio pauliana (avoidance actions) and apply the lex fori concursus. However, if the defendant provides proof that the normally applicable law (lex causae) does not allow any means of challenging that act in the relevant case ("veto"), then the lex fori concursus is excluded. The main question in this article is what kind of decision the court makes after a successful veto of the defendant and whether the decision has the normal effect of finality (res judicata). If the investigation of the lex causae is thorough enough from the point of a fair trial, then the res judicata effect should be normal.
All fields of human activity undergo natural unification and harmonization over time. Following successful unification, business negotiations become easier and cheaper, communication and management ...are simpler and distrust vanishes. Contractual relationships are subject to unification at three levels: law; principles; and sample documents. Governing law ordinarily states that general terms and conditions, as prepared by professional or other organizations, will be part of the contract merely by being referred to. If there is a conflict of laws, lex causae is the law chosen by the court from among the relevant legal systems to arrive at its judgment of an international case. It must be possible to define, with certainty, a community who use the particular rules, otherwise the particular rules cannot be accepted as a trade usage in construction, i.e. as a business custom to the widest extent.