The appropriate choice of law rule for the formation of a contract is an intractable question. Various solutions have been offered, with none enjoying universal approval. In 'Solomon Lew v Kaikhushru ...Shiavax Nargolwala' the Singapore Court of Appeal held in favour of the application of a nuanced version of the putative proper law of a contract. It further held that that there was no role for the 'lex fori' in resolving this classic conflict of laws conundrum. While the SGCA emphasised that the reasonable expectations of the parties would be accommodated through its approach, this note argues that this would not necessarily be the case and that the SGCA was too quick to discount a role for the 'lex fori'.
The governing law of arbitration agreements determines the validity of an arbitration agreement and equally the entire arbitration. However, there is huge disagreement around the world as to the ...appropriate choice-of-law rules for deciding this governing law, particularly between rules favoring the governing law of the underlying contract (represented by the English approach) and the curial law (represented by the Chinese approach). By comparing the choice-of-law rules of these two jurisdictions, the authors argue that this disagreement is futile and unnecessary because both jurisdictions' choice-of-law rules are pro-validity in substance and likely lead to the arbitration agreement being upheld. There is, therefore, no urgency to change the status quo by asking one jurisdiction to follow another's choice-of-law approach. The authors conducted empirical research on relevant Chinese judicial decisions to add further depth to the comparison.
The appropriate choice of law rule for the formation of a contract is an intractable question. Various solutions have been offered, with none enjoying universal approval. In Solomon Lew v Kaikhushru ...Shiavax Nargolwala, the Singapore Court of Appeal held in favour of the application of a nuanced version of the putative proper law of a contract. It further held that that there was no role for the lex fori in resolving this classic conflict of laws conundrum. While the SGCA emphasised that the reasonable expectations of the parties would be accommodated through its approach, this note argues that this would not necessarily be the case and that the SGCA was too quick to discount a role for the lex fori.
В современных условиях правовое регулирование вопросов трансграничной несостоятельностисубъектов международного частного права приобретает особое значение в связи с усложнением экономической и ...внешнеполитической ситуации во всём мире. В таких условиях особое значение приобретают актуальные проблемы защиты прав и законных интересов кредиторов. В статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы института трансграничного банкротства и задачи усовершенствованияпроцедур несостоятельности, осложнённых иностранным элементом. Авторы выделили следующие,наиболее важные и интересные, проблемные вопросы: 1) проблему «банкротного туризма» (и близко связанные с ней вопросы взаимного признания судебных решений и процессуального эстоппеля); 2) проблему привлечения контролирующих должника лиц к субсидиарной ответственностии 3) проблемные аспекты коллизионного регулирования оспаривания и признания недействительными сделок должника. Особое внимание авторами обращается на сложность и неоднозначные подходы к выбору применимого права и соответствующих привязок в подобных ситуациях. В результатеизучения российского и зарубежного опыта примененния норм международного частного права в судебной практике по делам, возникающим в сфере трансграничного банкротства, авторами был сформулирован вывод о том, что отечественные правовые основы правового регулирования отношенийв сфере трансграничного банкротства нуждаются в дальнейших изменениях, прежде всего на уровне восприятия универсальных или региональных соглашений, подобных Регламенту ЕС 20.05.2015N 2015/848 (Recast), в рамках которых урегулированы многие спорные вопросы, возникающиепри выборе применимого права в вопросах трансграничной несостоятельности (банкротства). Российскому законодателю также следует обратить пристальное внимание на проблемы трансграничнойнесостоятельности в нынешних санкционных условиях, предусмотреть механизмы приоритетной защиты прав отечественных участников хозяйственного оборота, при этом не исключая положительный зарубежный опыт правового регулирования в данной области.
This Article examines the latest international uniform law initiative on the creation of an International Sales Law for Europe, namely the Common European Sales Law (CESL). It comprises four parts, ...which correspond to the most complex and important aspects of the project's novel legal response to the problem of creating a transnational uniform legal instrument. These reflect the four operations at the heart of the CESL's "activation" and application: (1) the selection of the uniform law regime by the parties as the legal framework of their sales agreement; (2) the ascertainment of the instrument's provisions by the adjudicatory authority; (3) the impact of overriding mandatory rules and international public policy considerations on the application of European sales law; and, finally, (4) the interplay between the CESL and other uniform conflicts and substantive law regimes governing international sale of goods contracts. In light of this linear examination of the instrument, the analysis exposes the advantages and disadvantages of a distinctive model of harmonization as well as the conceptual difficulties of such an approach. Furthermore, the advanced "legal technology" that the CESL represents renders it the starting point when considering further attempts at unifying substantive law. It constitutes a reference point in the study of European legal integration, the law relating to international commercial transactions, and, of particular concern, private international law. Hence, this Article attempts to offer important practical lessons for the future of international uniform law, provoke discussion of conceptual issues of wider interest and importance, and anticipate legal developments by delineating a new path for future European and global contract law initiatives.
In private international law of contract, the law regulating the rights and obligations of contracting parties may (whether objectively determined or chosen by the parties), in some instances, be ...limited by either public policy considerations or other relevant mandatory rules. In this regard, the public policy and the overriding mandatory rules of three places – that of the forum state, the applicable law (if different from the lex fori) and the law of the place of performance (or a third state with relevant connection to the contract) – have been considered by both jurists and scholars as being important. However, this article is limited to matters concerning choice of law rules on overriding mandatory provisions (but not public policy considerations). This article assesses the various private international law rules utilised by the South African courts in ascertaining which overriding mandatory provisions must apply to international contracts for the sale of goods. The aim is to adopt a general private international law of contract rule that effectively addresses the difficulty in determining the state, whose overriding mandatory provisions may legitimately claim application over certain relevant issues in international sales contracts. To this end, the article considers the general application of the overriding mandatory rules of the forum and that of the applicable law state (lex causae) to determine if these laws may legitimately by applied to contracts as it is practiced by some courts. Thereafter, the article considers the application of the overriding mandatory rules of the place of performance (locus solutionis) or other relevant third states and demonstrate that it is the overriding mandatory provisions of “a relevant state” that may legitimately derogate the application of certain provisions of the proper law of an international contract.
How do we qualify the foreign administrative decisions that enable legal effects in municipal law? This procedural question, labelled as ‘the qualification problem’ in legal scholarship, triggers the ...attention of both theorists and legal practitioners. The qualification problem arises in those cases where municipal law requires any form of administrative action of the domestic administrative authority towards a foreign administrative decision. Here, the domestic administrative authority faces the problem of how to qualify these administrative decisions. In principle, three various approaches may be considered – qualification based on lex causae, lex fori, or autonomous understandings would theoretically be possible. This article argues in favour of the exclusive use of lex fori in such situations.
Patent rights and Trade Marks are potentially substantial assets to invest in various fields of developing industries. Article 1(d) Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act ratified by Iranian ...parliament in 2002 refer to those rights that could be the subject of foreign investment agreements in Iran. The question is that if there was an international factor in a security contract of a patent right, what conflict of law rule within the framework of well-known methods could achieve a definitive and, predictable solution. It seems that if there is not neither a mutual agreement nor the most closely connecting factor financially is other than the one referred to the Article 968 of Iranian Civil Code, merely recourse to the legal methods to resolve conflict of laws could be problematic. As a governing law on security interests in patent rights, this article attempts to propose a method of the conflict of law rule corresponded to fundamental features of intellectual property rights by referring to the classical rules of conflict of laws, fundamental economic features of security interests in intellectual property rights and recent international approaches, particularly, the UNCITRAL legislative guide of secured transactions.
Issues on choice of law are sometimes very complex, and the resulting outcome may be determinative of most litigations. This is especially true where the litigation concerns cross-border transactions ...involving states with diverse laws and di erent legal traditions. Thus, it is important for parties to be able to accurately predict the applicable law of their international sales contract in advance to enable them to plan the activities relating to their contracts with certainty. The existence of uncertainty with regard to the applicable law in most legal systems especially at common law makes it difficult for contracting parties to plan or resolve disputes that may arise from their commercial contracts, either by themselves or by the court. This situation is an unpleasant one which presents an undesirable state of affairs to the business world. At common law, although it is true that the legal certainty required with respect to the applicable law of international commercial contracts can be achieved by a choice of law clause, it should be noted that most of such contracts do not contain this clause. This article attempts to contribute to existing literature on choice of law for contract in South Africa and also provide solutions, based on the underlying principles of private international law of contract, that effectively address the uncertainty in this area of law. To achieve its task, the article examines the various connecting factors considered by the South African courts in determining the applicable law (also, the proper law or governing law) of international contracts in situations where the parties do not insert a choice of law clause in their international contracts for sale of goods. The factors considered in this regard include the place of conclusion of contract, domicile, habitual residence and place of performance. These factors, in most situations, serve as the primary connecting factors considered by the courts in arriving at an answer with regard to the objective proper law/applicable law of an international sale contract (and other international commercial contracts) in South Africa. Further, the article examines why it is important for South African courts, and common law courts in general, to even go through the exercise of determining the applicable law in matters of international commercial disputes and not simply rely on the lex fori in dealing with such litigations (since, a lex fori approach might be much easier).
The nationality of ships as a point of contact to determine the applicable law for maritime liens has lost its importance, due, among other things, to the widespread use of open registries. The ...unification of legal rules relating to the registration of ships and to the determination of the applicable law for maritime liens has not sufficiently achieved its goals. As a result, the application of various points of contact from State practice does not contribute to the legal protection of the status of claimants to the maritime liens. Therefore, it is suggested to refer to the law of the closest connection for maritime liens through the application of the escape clause.
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