La difusión del vocabulario románico influido por el árabe en el espacio atlántico constituye un capítulo de la expansión de la lengua española no suficientemente explorado, cuyo estudio contribuye a ...una reconstrucción más completa de esta influencia lingüístico-cultural. En este ámbito, el portugués y el español inauguraron una vertiente cultural atlántica en la que el léxico canario participa del legado árabe a través de ambas lenguas. El presente trabajo analiza cuantitativa y cualitativamente los portuguesismos léxicos del canario como posibles préstamos del árabe en diferentes corpus de esta variedad lingüística. Los resultados obtenidos nos indican que existen 47 portuguesismos canarios de origen árabe asociados a determinados tipos de préstamos, áreas léxicas y categorías gramaticales, y con una desigual presencia en América. Con estos datos se contribuye, desde el léxico dialectal, a la identificación de los arabismos en un contexto comunicativo atlántico.
The article analyzed the stages of the formation of the economic vocabulary of the Ukrainian language since the Proto-Slavic period and the time of Kyivan Rus until now; it is studied that the ...processes of trade, exchange, payments have been active; it is stressed which lexical items, that denote economic notions, function today. The study is the first attempt of the complex lexical-semantic analysis of historical aspects of verbs that denote economic actions and processes. It is defined the parameters and place of these verbs in the lexical system of the Ukrainian language, their connection with verbs of other lexical-semantic groups; it is defined thematic groups and analyzed processes in word-building of verbal units, the changes in the semantic structure of the old lexical items. Methods of the study are caused by the need of the complete and comprehensive analysis of the linguistic material. To achieve this goal it was used the method of linguistic observation and the descriptive method. Objective of the study is a lexical-semantic group of verbs of the Ukrainian language that denote economic notions. The verbs denoting actions, processes and states, related to economics, make a large, but diverse in origin and meanings, group of lexical items. In the history of the semantics study of the verb, this group was not separated into individual lexical-semantic group. The verbs of economics combine commonly used lexical items and units of sector term system - economic. By its origin, this group of verbs has an asymmetrical form. Few verbs came from the Proto-Slavic language. They denoted actions related to the purchase and sale and some social actions. Summary and conclusions of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of structural-semantic characteristics of the verb, enrich the theoretical lexicology with new ideas, they form scientific foundations for the systematic study of other groups of linguistic units that takes into account their formal and meaningful features. Theoretical generalizations will be used in further scientific works, which study problems of semantics and word-building.
El estudio de los préstamos léxicos del árabe en las diferentes variedades dialectales sincrónicas del español peninsular ha puesto de relieve la singularidad e importancia de este componente. Sin ...embargo, no existen estudios sistemáticos sobre el papel que desempeña este componente en el conjunto del español atlántico. Este trabajo trata de aportar resultados sobre la posible difusión geográfica de los arabismos en Canarias y América, partiendo de un corpus de voces de origen árabe de Canarias elaborado en base a diferentes investigaciones y los datos sobre el léxico sincrónico y dialectal atlántico que aportan el Diccionario Ejemplificado de Canarismos, el Tesoro Léxico Canario Americano y el Diccionario de Americanismos. En primer lugar se han obtenido las coincidencias exactas entre vocablos de origen árabe en las hablas canarias y del Caribe, como punto difusor del español en todo el continente americano. Igualmente se trata de establecer y comparar la conexión léxico-semántica con Mesoamérica y Sudamérica. La metodología aplicada de carácter cuantitativo y cualitativo ha permitido la ampliación del corpus existente y ha resultado en la creación de un material de 173 unidades léxicas con significado propio presentes en Canarias y en América (183 voces), que suponen el 35,96% del total de palabras de origen árabe detectadas en las hablas isleñas. El estudio comparativo ha desvelado que, de este corpus atlántico, un 83,23% aparece a la zona del Caribe, 60,11% a la zona de Mesoamérica y 50,86% a Sudamérica. Esta distribución nos permite caracterizar la vitalidad sincrónica de los arabismos del español atlántico.
The aim of the present paper is the minute analysis of glosses excerpted from Învățătură pentru ferirea și doftoria boalelor, a text translated by Petru Maior and printed in Buda, in 1816. The ...Enlightenment principle followed by the Transylvanian scholar, i.e. the principle of adapting the Western culture to the Romanian one, of facilitating the access of popular masses to science is materialised in the high frequency of glosses. For P. Maior, the gloss represents an excellent mechanism of inserting neologisms in his text, neologisms which are explained by old, popular terms, collocations or periphrases. The highest weight is held by terminological glosses of the lexical borrowing – old term type. The fact is relevant for the conception that guides the author in his activity of translating the text: the glosses are intentionally oriented towards the creating of a neologic lexical corpus, in accordance with that of other European languages of culture. A detailed analysis of the various types of glosses offers useful information as regards the phenomenon of integrating neologisms and reveals interesting aspects of the process of lexical renewal of the Romanian literary language.
Latvian Diphthongs in Words Borrowed into South Estonian The Estonian vanik 'wreath', Livonian vanka id. and Finnish vannikko, vannikka '(bride's) wreath ' has been considered either a Baltic or an ...older Latvian loanword sharing its root with the Lithuanian vainïkas ' Kranz, Krone, (bei Mädchen) Jungfrauenschaft ' , Latvian vàinags ' der Kranz, die Mädchenkrone, Kopfschmuck, den die Unverheiratete trägt und der als Zeichen der Jungfräulichkeit gilt; jede der über dem Grundbalken liegenden Wandbalkenreihen eines Gebäudes; der Umlauf oder Kranz am Rade ' . The above etymology, however, has remained an object of ongoing discussion due to the unusual substitution ai > a. The article analyses the possible Baltic, resp, Latvian origin of two words with hitherto unclear etymology from the South Estonian area, in which the diphthong of the source word is substituted by a monophthong. 'posle pl. 'bad or hollow grain removed by winnowing' , cf. (ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.) Die baltische resp. lettische Etymologie des im heutigen estnischen Sprachraum allgemein verbreiteten Wortes vanik : vaniku 'Kranz, Girlande aus Blumen oder Zweigen, Gewinde' (vgl. lit. vainïkas 'Kranz, Krone, (bei Mädchen) Jungfrauenschaft', vainïkai Pl. 'Seitenplanken des Kahns, die sog. Dieses baltische Suffix-Element erscheint ebenso in dem im Tartu- und Vôru-Dialekt verzeichneten 'kösli Pl. 'schlechtes Getreide', bei dem im Wortstamm entweder mittels Kontamination kösu 'leere Hülse oder Schote, inwendig hohler, fauler Baum' + posle entstehen konnte (s. Koponen 1998 : 113) oder bei dem es sich ausgehend von der Lehnquelle kasli 'Nachgebliebenes von Heu- od.
The article proves the hypothesis of the origin of the Russian colloquial word mazurik as deriving from the name of the Polish ethnographic group mazury ‘Mazurs’—inhabitants of Mazovia (in central ...and south-eastern Poland) as well as immigrants from this area to other places, mainly in the north-east. This hypothesis had previously been stated in the literature, but it had not been demonstrated rigorously. The authors show that the word mazurik is included in the big semantic word family that is derived from mazur, by studies focused on nationwide usage and through dialects. Using data from the lexical system and from folklore, the linguistic portrait of the Mazurs in the Russian tradition is reconstructed, and it is compared with linguistic stereotypes of the Mazurs in the source language (Polish) and the languages of peoples in close contact with the Mazurs (Ukrainian and Belarusian). The main features of these portraits are the same in these languages, and they create a negative image of the Mazur in the Slavic tradition, making the “Polish” etymological version semantically legitimate. In addition, the authors prove this hypothesis from the point of view of word formation, linguogeography, and sociolinguistic characteristics of the words under consideration. It is noted that the derivatives of the word family derived from mazur are attracted to the lexemes which have similar form and meaning but different origin, in particular, to derivatives of the verb mazatʹ and the words murza and zamurzannyi. The article contains an overview with commentary of hypotheses about the origin of the Russian mazurik existing in Slavic etymological literature.
This paper examines the presence of English-origin discourse markers in otherwise Croatian speech. Previous examinations of bilingual discourse marking have focused on habitualisation, pragmatic ...transference, cognitive processes (in terms of reducing the ‘mental load’ of distinguishing between two systems) or psycholinguistic factors (e.g. ‘non-deactivation’ of pragmatic forms from one language which speakers habitually speak). However, such studies only address transference of pragmatic norms, whether features and/or forms. They have limited explanatory power where speakers employ discourse forms from one language
and equivalent forms from the other language. This study examines the frequency and functionality of English-origin forms compared to Croatian ones in a sample based on speech recordings of 100 Croatian–English bilinguals. Findings here show that English forms generally co-occur with Croatian forms in a statistical sense and only displace Croatian ones where English forms are polyfunctional or perform more functions that their Croatian counterparts. This accounts for the higher statistical frequency of forms such as
yeah and
so, while forms such as
no and
you know co-occur to the same degree as their Croatian equivalents. Where a Croatian item such as
kao (‘like’) can fulfil more functions than its English equivalent it is shown to have a higher incidence than
like. Thus, linguistic, in particular micro-discourse, features are shown to influence selection of discourse markers.
The paper introduces available databases of new borrowings into Lithuanian and research into their main features and usage in public written texts, including the Internet, in 1991–2013. The research ...has shown that new borrowings of the Lithuanian language and the process of borrowing follow the same universal and general patterns noticed in other speech communities. Overall, about 1 500 different new borrowings and borrowed derivatives that have entered the Lithuanian language since early 90ies have been included into the databases. Due to the normative tradition of standard written Lithuanian, in more formal domains there is a tendency to graphically highlight borrowings either by inserting the quotation marks or by writing the borrowings in italics. However, in informal Internet texts (chats, commentaries, etc.) the borrowings are usually not highlighted. The morphological adaptation of most borrowings and orthographical adaptation of a large part of them give a clue to the integration potential of the Lithuanian structural paradigms. The distribution of the new borrowings across the word classes follows the patterns identified in other research: most borrowings are nouns, a much lower number of them are adjectives and verbs and a rather insignificant number are adverbs. Most new borrowings in the studied period include borrowings from English (approx. 70 per cent). Borrowings from other languages are much less numerous: depending on a text type, neo-Latinisms make up 5–8 per cent, words of French origin—3–7 per cent, words of Italian origin—4–5 per cent and Greek borrowings—2–3 per cent. The domains that include most new borrowings are technology and engineering, food, economics and business, also music. As already mentioned, borrowings from English clearly dominate in most domains. However, the semantic field of food seems to be the most diverse in terms of the origin of borrowings: most borrowings are of Italian origin, others come from of English, French, Spanish, Japanese and other languages. French and neoclassical borrowings make up more than 70 per cent of all borrowed law terms and almost 40 per cent of the terms of economics and business. The research of new borrowings into Lithuanian reveals fundamental changes in the socio-cultural development of the society and highlights the potential of the Lithuanian language to adapt to the needs of the speakers and to preserve the marks of ongoing cultural changes.
In this article, I analyze lexical borrowings from English found in Montevidean newspaper and magazine articles that specifically pertain to computer-related topics and sports. Undergirding this ...study is the hypothesis –supported by the results obtained– that the semantic field of sports presents a greater assimilation of terms borrowed from English than the field of computers, since it has an older and more consolidated tradition. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of 110 lexical entries, I establish, from a synchronic perspective and following the methodology outlined in Poplack et al. (1984), the degree of integration of the English expressions considered as borrowings and/or loanwords into Spanish, focusing on their orthographical-graphematic variants, their morphological adaptation as well as the degree of acceptability or socialization assigned by the informants. The conclusions value (in an original manner) the scope of influence of English on current Spanish.
En este trabajo analizo los préstamos léxicos del inglés en la prensa montevideana específicamente en artículos de informática y deporte. Parto de la hipótesis –confirmada por los resultados de este estudio– de que el campo semántico del deporte presenta una asimilación de términos tomados en préstamo del inglés mayor que el de la informática, porque cuenta con una tradición más antigua y afianzada. A partir del análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de 110 entradas léxicas, establezco, desde una perspectiva sincrónica y con base en la metodología presentada en Poplack et al. (1984), el grado de incorporación de las expresiones del inglés consideradas como préstamos (borrowings y/o loanwords) al español, atendiendo tanto a sus diferentes realizaciones ortográfico-grafemáticas y a su adaptación morfológica como al grado de aceptabilidad o socialización asignado por los hablantes encuestados para tal finalidad. Las conclusiones valoran (con originalidad) el alcance del influjo del inglés sobre el español actual.
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