The aim of the article is to compare the development of some family-related vocabulary from Latin (with PIE backgrounds) to Hispano-Romance with the old and modern Polish terms. The comparative ...analysis covers the words for ‘uncle’/’aunt’, ‘brother/sister-in-law’ and ‘cousins’. The author tries to explain lexical changes with reference to social changes that took place over the centuries.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the lexical changes that we have been detecting during the last couple of decades in the border town La Línea de la Concepción (Cádiz), whose speech community is ...marked significantly by language contact between the variety of Spanish spoken in the region known as El Campo de Gibraltar and the variety of English used in the neighbouring British overseas territory. It is precisely the lexicon resulting from this linguistic contact that our research focuses on, and based on this we will try to establish the degree of convergence or linguistic levelling that might be taking place
El objeto de este artículo es analizar los cambios léxicos que hemos venido detectando durante las últimas dos décadas en la ciudad fronteriza de La Línea de la Concepción (Cádiz), una comunidad de habla marcada considerablemente por el contacto lingüístico entre la variedad de español empleado en la comarca del Campo de Gibraltar y la variedad de inglés utilizado por los hablantes de la vecina colonia británica. Es precisamente el léxico resultante de ese contacto lingüístico sobre el que centraremos nuestra investigación, y del que trataremos de establecer el grado de convergencia o nivelación lingüística que se podría estar produciendo
A characteristic of contemporary Slavonic languages is the increasing influence of non-standard language elements. This brings the issue of the ‘substandard’ and its exploration back to the centre of ...attention. During the socialist era, the ‘substandard’ was seen as a very negative phenomenon and as something that corrupts language culture and restricts the mental faculties of its speakers. As a result, there was insufficient research on ‘substandard’ Slavonic language varieties during the socialist period. This situation has changed completely with the transforming world since the 1990s. The present article contains information about the latest developments in research on non-standard language elements in Slavonic languages.
LANGUAGE CHANGES, LESSONS OF COVID-19 AND CORONEOLOGISMS Bakhmat, Liudmyla V.; Panchenko, Violetta V.; Nosach, Oksana O.
Visnyk universytetu imeni Alʹfreda Nobeli͡a︡. Filolohichni nauky,
2021, Letnik:
1, Številka:
21
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Worldwide, the changes are either viewed positively as those updating languages or negatively as those deteriorating them. With English widely recognized as an international language, a lingua ...franca, numerous governmental and non-governmental organizations make it their business to keep the language understandable, at the same time preserving and introducing a variety of meanings and words when dealing with lexis. Changes in grammar (preference for gerunds instead of infinitives, for example) and pronunciation can take longer to be noticed as they happen over a longer period of time (the Great Vowel Shift). Currently, lexical changes get covered in dictionaries with little delay and are easy to track in online versions. Annually, 800-1,000 newly coined words or added meanings push way into English dictionaries. Approximately five times more are coined each year but fail to get in wide use and meet the acceptance criteria of lexicographers. Up to 2019, most lexical innovations were focused on technological breakthroughs. However, in 2020 medicine gained unprecedented attention due to the pandemic, initially pinpointed in Wuhan, China, and later spread all over the world all the continents are currently exposed to COVID-19. Therefore, it has been of little surprise when in the end of 2020 most of the year words by English dictionaries were about COVID-19, which has irrevocably changed lifestyles and reality. The purpose of the article is to trace lexical changes caused by the coronavirus outbreak and analyse newly-coined lexemes. The following methods were used: linguistic analysis, observation, mathematical calculations. Thus, the purpose of our article is to trace lexical changes caused by the coronavirus outbreak and analyse newlycoined lexemes. Due to the Internet and a significant influence of social media, newly coined words and phrases get swiftly spread globally, some of them originating from hashtags. Analyzing neologisms coined in the pandemic, it is evident that their main aim is to cover new realities such as upperwear, Zumping (Zoom+dumping), etc. It is statistically proven that covid, coron (coronavirus) and quaran (qurantine) are the three most frequent stems. The pandemic-related neologisms are mostly closed compound nouns (covidiot, coronarave). Still spaced ones are often used as well (corona boner, corona bae). Taking into account a boom of coronelogisms worldwide, the Ukrainian language borrowed some either as loan translated (coronapocalypse ) or transliterated (covidiot ). At the same time, some widely used neologisms got translated using Ukrainian stems and affixes ( , , , ). Lexical changes, influenced by the pandemic and currently observed in English and Ukrainian, evolve rapidly and they have not come to an end.
My observations concern on linguistic fashion and the accompanying phenomenon, which is snobbery, in the context of changes within the lexical system of Slovak and Polish languages after 1989, when ...the socio-political break¬through and the fall of the communist dictatorship in former Czechoslovakia took place. Linguistic fashion, although ephemeral, caused significant shifts and changes in both the verbal and semantic structure of the language. Similar processes and tendencies characterized the language situation in Poland and Slovakia: the tendency to intellectualization and terminologisation, democratization and determinologisation, and above all the internationalization of the Slovak and Polish lexical system.
The paper discusses the Slavic lexis denoting human traits and emotions in
Glisa Elezovic?s Dictionary of the Kosovo and Metohija Dialect. The author of
the dictionary collected the material at the ...very beginning of the 20th
century, which means that the volume presents the lexical material of the
nineteenth century and possibly even earlier (since the material for the
dictionary also comes in part from a written document from the eighteenth
century). The present analysis of the lexis results in a large number of
conclusions with respect to the culture of the nineteenth-century Serbs who
lived in Vucitrn, and in Kosovo in general. Also, it is possible to arrive at
a number of observations concerning the word-formation processes, as well as
the semantic diachronic changes in the Serbian lexis.
nema
In the last decades, traditional European dialects have been subjected to different kinds of changes that most probably are related to the economical, social and cultural transformations that have ...taken place in the continent after World War II. The aim of this paper is to analyze a series of lexical changes that have happened in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria between 1965-1966 and 1992. The results show that in 1992 some traditional lexical forms had become totally or partially in disuse, especially the local variants. Instead of the obsolete forms, speakers tended to use lexical alternatives, which either had a greater diffusion in spoken Spanish or were characteristic units of the Canarian dialect, the first tendency being the strongest
En las últimas décadas, los dialectos tradicionales europeos se han visto sometidos a diferentes tipos de cambios que probablemente estén relacionados con las transformaciones económicas, sociales y culturales que se han producido en el continente tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En este artículo se analizan una serie de cambios léxicos que se han producido en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria entre 1965-1966 y 1992. Los resultados indican que en 1992 algunas formas léxicas tradicionales se encontraban en desuso, sobre todo aquellas que tenían un carácter más local. En su lugar, los hablantes de la capital han optado por otras variantes léxicas que o bien tienen una mayor difusión en los dialectos españoles o bien representan canarismos, siendo la primera tendencia más fuerte que la segunda
This chapter contains sections titled:
Some Background Concepts
Contact Explanations and Internal Explanations of Change: Social Predictors
Contact Explanations and Internal Explanations of Change: ...Linguistic Predictors
Conclusion
References
The word mansplaining, which is a linguistic blend of man and explaining, is one of the examples of a trend in the English language of creating gendered neologisms – blends and compounds that add an ...aspect of gender to the meaning of already existing words that originally are gender-neutral (or appear to be). So far, the linguistic research on this phenomenon has focused on analysing them in informal context of social media (see Bridges 2017, Lutzky and Lawson 2019) or crowd-sourced dictionaries (see Foubert and Lemmens 2018). Nonetheless, with the growing popularity, some gendered neologisms, including mansplaining, start being used in outside social media, in more formal contexts. This study presents the place of mansplaining in the current linguistic landscape through looking at its definitions presented in traditional dictionaries and how it is used outside of social media – in what grammatical forms and in what contexts.
Significance Evolutionary methods are increasingly being applied to investigating linguistic change. But does language change conform to the predictions of evolutionary theory? Here, we use data from ...closely related pairs of languages to show that a key prediction of evolutionary theory is met: rates of gain of new words are higher in larger populations whereas rates of word loss are greater in small populations. Our analysis provides, to our knowledge, the first statistically robust evidence of an influence of population size on rate of language change. These results demonstrate the potential for demographic factors to influence language evolution.
The effect of population size on patterns and rates of language evolution is controversial. Do languages with larger speaker populations change faster due to a greater capacity for innovation, or do smaller populations change faster due to more efficient diffusion of innovations? Do smaller populations suffer greater loss of language elements through founder effects or drift, or do languages with more speakers lose features due to a process of simplification? Revealing the influence of population size on the tempo and mode of language evolution not only will clarify underlying mechanisms of language change but also has practical implications for the way that language data are used to reconstruct the history of human cultures. Here, we provide, to our knowledge, the first empirical, statistically robust test of the influence of population size on rates of language evolution, controlling for the evolutionary history of the populations and formally comparing the fit of different models of language evolution. We compare rates of gain and loss of cognate words for basic vocabulary in Polynesian languages, an ideal test case with a well-defined history. We demonstrate that larger populations have higher rates of gain of new words whereas smaller populations have higher rates of word loss. These results show that demographic factors can influence rates of language evolution and that rates of gain and loss are affected differently. These findings are strikingly consistent with general predictions of evolutionary models.
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