Successful learning involves integrating new material into existing memory networks. A learning procedure known as fast mapping (FM), thought to simulate the word-learning environment of children, ...has recently been linked to distinct neuroanatomical substrates in adults. This idea has suggested the (never-before tested) hypothesis that FM may promote rapid incorporation into cortical memory networks. We test this hypothesis here in 2 experiments. In our 1st experiment, we introduced 50 participants to 16 unfamiliar animals and names through FM or explicit encoding (EE) and tested participants on the training day, and again after sleep. Learning through EE produced strong declarative memories, without immediate lexical competition, as expected from slow-consolidation models. Learning through FM, however, led to almost immediate lexical competition, which continued to the next day. Additionally, the learned words began to prime related concepts on the day following FM (but not EE) training. In a 2nd experiment, we replicated the lexical integration results and determined that presenting an already-known item during learning was crucial for rapid integration through FM. The findings presented here indicate that learned items can be integrated into cortical memory networks at an accelerated rate through fast mapping. The retrieval of a related known concept, in order to infer the target of the FM question, is critical for this effect.
No presente trabalho há um estudo conciso em Ciências do Léxico, em que é definido o conceito de léxico segundo a lexicóloga Maria Tereza Biderman e como se dá a dicionarização do léxico de acordo ...com a linguista Maria da Graça Krieger. Posteriormente, aborda-se uma breve história da produção lexicográfica e, logo após, os pressupostos da Lexicografia Pedagógica com o suporte do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático - Dicionários (2012) e da Base Nacional Comum Curricular (2017). Tal movimento tem o intuito de mostrar que, para além das contribuições no que tange à expansão do conhecimento vocabular e linguístico, os dicionários escolares também colaboram para a formação cidadã dos estudantes. Logo, os professores devem fazer uso desse instrumento levando em consideração as múltiplas possibilidades de ensino e aprendizagem que a materialidade discursiva das obras lexicográficas escolares proporciona, e que auxilia na formação e representação do aluno enquanto cidadão.
The long-term associations between early receptive/expressive lexical skills and later language/pre-literacy skills require clarification.
To study the association between and predictive values of ...early receptive/expressive lexical skills and language/pre-literacy skills at 5;0 years, and to examine the language profiles at 5;0 years of children with weak receptive language/expressive lexical skills at 2;0 years.
The participants were 66 monolingual children. Their lexical skills were measured using the Finnish short-form version of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories at 1;6 and 2;0 years. Receptive language skills were measured at 2;0 years using the Reynell Developmental Language Scales III. A broader assessment at 5;0 years measured lexical, phonological, morphological and pre-literacy skills.
Significant associations between receptive/expressive lexical skills at 1;6 years and language and pre-literacy skills at 5;0 years were found. Both receptive language and expressive lexical development measured at 2;0 years were greatly and relatively evenly associated with language and pre-literacy skills at 5;0 years. Lexicon/language variables at 1;6 years and 2;0 years had statistically significant predictive values for general language and pre-literacy scores at 5;0 years. The best models that included early lexical predictors explained 20–34% of later language/literacy outcome. Weak skills at 2;0 years proposed vulnerability in language and pre-literacy skills at 5;0 years.
Language and pre-literacy skills at 5;0 years can to some extent be explained by early receptive language and/or expressive lexical development. Further assessment and/or follow-up is important for children who have had weak language/lexical skills at 2;0 years.
•Significant associations between early lexical skills and different language and pre-literacy skills at 5 years were found.•The best models that included early lexical predictors explained 20–34% of later language/literacy outcome.•Most children with weak lexical/language skills at 2 years had weak skills in at least one language domain at 5 years.•The findings emphasize the importance of screening for both early receptive and expressive lexical/language skills.
This study focuses on the problem of the relationship between two linguistic research areas: language change and Lexicon-Grammar. For the first area, the linguistic notions of "change" and ..."variation" and the way they lead to orality are explored. For the second area, the method and specific fundamental principles are formulated; it is then shown how several Lexicon-Grammar descriptions capture interesting phenomena of linguistic change. Finally, after theoretically framing these fields and highlighting the possibilities of contact, the author suggests further perspectives for collaborative research.
Sentiment analysis, which refers to the task of detecting whether a textual item (e.g., a product review and a blog post) expresses a positive or negative opinion in general or about a given entity ...(e.g., a product, person, or policy), has received increasing attention in recent years. It serves as an important role in natural language processing. User generated content, like tourism reviews, developed dramatically during the past years, generating a large amount of unstructured data from which it is hard to obtain useful information. Due to the changes in textual order, sequence length and complicated logic, it is still a challenging task to predict the exact sentiment polarities of the user reviews, especially for fine-grained sentiment classification. In this paper, we first propose sentiment padding, a novel padding method compared with zero padding, making the input data sample of a consistent size and improving the proportion of sentiment information in each review. Inspired by the most recent studies with respect to neural networks, we propose deep learning based sentiment analysis models named lexicon integrated two-channel CNN–LSTM family models, combining CNN and LSTM/BiLSTM branches in a parallel manner. Experiments on several challenging datasets, like Stanford Sentiment Treebank, demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms many baseline methods.
•We proposed sentiment padding to improve the proportion of sentiment information in each review.•We presented lexicon integrated two-channel CNN–BiLSTM model.•This paper studied the influence of the skip connection operation on two-channel deep model.•Experiment showed superiority of the proposed model on analyzing English and Chinese reviews.
La presente nota quier aportar lluz sobre la etimoloxía posible d'enfosar/enfusar, forma estendida pel dominiu asturianu y qu'al nuesu paecer deriva del participiu llatín INFUSUS y que tien el ...significáu básicu de 'meter (o metese) una cosa dientro otra'. Nun apaez rexistrada en nengún diccionariu y habría d'estremase del otru enfusar esistente.
•A novel two-step OOV words detection and recovery method is proposed.•The proposed method is generic and independent of the recognition engine.•The proposed method uses various sub-lexical modeling ...to improve the detection step.•The recovery process relies on dynamic lexicons built from large text corpora.•The proposed method significantly improves the recognition results.
Today's Arabic Handwriting recognition systems are able to recognize arbitrary words over a large but finite vocabulary. Systems operating with a fixed vocabulary are bound to encounter so-called out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. The aim of this research is to propose a two-step approach that tackles the problem of OOV words in Arabic handwriting. In the first step, we exploit different types of sub-word units to detect the potential OOVs. In the recovery stage, a dynamic dictionary is built to extend the initial static word lexicon in order to cope with the detected OOVs. The recovery includes a selection step in which the best word candidates extracted from the external resource are kept. Experiments were conducted on the public benchmarking KHATT and AHTID/MW databases. The obtained results revealed that sub-word modeling could give cues for improving the detection and that the use of a dynamic dictionary significantly improves the recognition performance compared to one-step approaches that are based on a large static dictionary or the combination of different sub-word units. We achieve the state of the art results on the KHATT dataset.
This paper proposes and analyzes a methodology for extracting the underlying emotional dimensions connected to different textual data, including social-media posts and online reviews. Our experiments ...result in a coherent conclusion across all 16 studied datasets. In particular, the found orthogonal emotional dimensions are a combination of valence (positive–negative sentiment), activation arousal (arousal–dominance), and expectancy tension (the intensity of the expectations concerning the future). We confirm the existence of both valence and arousal as core dimensions. On the other hand, dominance appears as an attribute connected to the variability of both valence and activation arousal dimensions. We also find some evidence for the existence of an “unpredictability/novelty” dimension discussed in recent academic work. Our key empirical contribution is that an additional orthogonal emotional dimension should be defined and named “expectancy tension” in that it captures the variability linked to the intensity of expectations regarding the future. Finally, our work contributes to the social computing literature by suggesting a novel methodology to derive emotional spaces from multiple textual data through eigenvector analyses.
•New methodology for deriving orthogonal emotional dimensions.•Expectancy tension dimension is introduced as a new emotional dimension.•Pleasure and arousal are confirmed as orthogonal dimensions from previous research.•Evidence is found towards confirming “novelty” dimension from previous research.
There is strong evidence that when two people talk to each other, they tend to converge, or align, on common ways of speaking (e.g.,
Pickering and Garrod, 2004). In this paper, we discuss possible ...mechanisms that might lead to linguistic alignment, contrasting mechanisms that are encapsulated within the language processing system, and so unmediated by beliefs about the interlocutor, with mechanisms that are mediated by beliefs about the interlocutor and that are concerned with considerations of either communicative success or social affect. We consider how these mechanisms might be implicated in human–computer interaction (HCI), and then review recent empirical studies that investigated linguistic alignment in HCI. We argue that there is strong evidence that alignment occurs in HCI, but that it differs in important ways from that found in interactions between humans: It is generally stronger and has a larger mediated component that is concerned with enhancing communicative success.
The interest in morphology and its interaction with the other grammatical components has increased in the last twenty years, with new approaches coming into stage so as to get more accurate analyses ...of the processes involved in morphological construal. This special issue is a valuable contribution to this field of study. It gathers a selection of five papers from the
workshop (University of Girona, July 2017) which, on the basis of Romance and Latin phenomena, discuss word structure and its decomposition into hierarchies of features. Even though the papers share a compositional view of lexical items, they adopt different formal theoretical approaches to the lexicon-syntax interface, thus showing the benefit of bearing in mind the possibilities that each framework provides. This introductory paper serves as a guide for the readers of this special collection and offers an overview of the topics dealt with in each contribution.
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