Depression's relations to psychosocial processes are complex, bidirectional, and include financial functioning. The current study compared the extent to which household income, financial literacy ...(knowledge and skill), and financial health (saving, spending, borrowing, and planning behavior) were risk factors and outcomes of depression.
A United States national sample of working-aged adults (N = 6565) completed self-report measures of financial functioning and depression in years 2020 and 2022. Depression scales assessed both negative (depressive symptoms) and positive (life satisfaction) affective dimensions.
Lower income, less financial literacy, and especially poorer financial health correlated significantly with more depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction. Poorer financial health demonstrated the strongest prospective relations with increasing depressive symptoms and decreasing life satisfaction over the two-year retest interval. In parallel, higher depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction each predicted subsequent decreases in financial health.
Results from this longitudinal, observational study suggested but could not establish causal connections between depression and financial functioning. The study's novel results require replication before clinical application.
More so than low income or limited financial literacy, poor financial health is both a risk factor and potential outcome of depression, including more depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction. If these findings are replicated, financial health may be an important research and clinical target for depression assessment, prevention, and treatment.
•This study compared three financial functioning dimensions' relations to depression.•Less household income and lower financial literacy correlated with depression.•Low financial health was the strongest prospective risk and outcome of depression.•Adults with low financial health spent, saved, borrowed, and planned maladaptively.•Financial health may be an important depression assessment and intervention target.
Interest in college students' adjustment is rising along with the expansion of the well-being trend. In particular, when individuals first enter a university, they are under stress and experience ...various challenges due to the new environment and tasks. While participating in and spectating sports provide numerous benefits at individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and societal levels, the impact of sport-related experiences on well-being in the context of college students' campus experiences has not been comprehensively addressed. Taking the findings into account, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of participant and spectator sport experience on college student well-being through college adjustment and college life satisfaction. A total of 304 responses were collected from students who experienced both participant and spectator sport during their first-year in college. Results showed that participating in and spectating college sport did not directly affect college students' well-being but indirectly influence college students' well-being via college adjustment and college life satisfaction. Given the importance of college student adjustment and college life satisfaction, the findings shed light on participant and spectator sport as imperative determinants of college life well-being as well as provide practical implications in the college setting.
This article reports a meta-analysis on the relationship between forgiveness and subjective well-being. After searching and screening the literature, a total of 83 studies involving 39,104 ...participants were included in the analysis. Using the random-effects model, results indicated that people with forgiveness had higher subjective well-being, greater life satisfaction, more positive emotions, and fewer negative emotions. The relationship between personality tendency forgiveness and negative emotion was regulated by gender. Specifically, the higher the proportion of females in personality tendency forgiveness, the weaker the relationship between personality tendency forgiveness and negative emotion.
Recent findings on subjective well-being (SWB) are presented, and I describe the important questions for future research that these raise. Worldwide predictors of SWB such as social support and ...fulfillment of basic needs have been uncovered, and there are large differences in SWB between societies. A number of culture-specific predictors of SWB have also been found. Research on social comparison suggests that a world standard for a desirable income has developed. New findings on adaptation indicate that habituation to conditions is not always complete and that circumstances in some cases can have a large and lasting effect on SWB. An important finding is that high SWB benefits health, longevity, citizenship, and social relationships. Because of the benefits of SWB as well as the strong effects societal conditions can have on it, I proposed national accounts of SWB, which are now being seriously considered by nations. Finally, I review advances in methodology that are needed to move beyond conclusions based on simple cross-sectional correlations based on global self-report scales. Each of the findings raises new and important questions for future research.
•Controlling for all else, urban residents’ life satisfaction in China is affected by city size.•People experience the most satisfaction in cities with a population of 200,000–500,000.•New urbanites ...are more satisfied than urban hukou residents in cities with a population of 200,000–500,000.
Although Durkheim, Simmel, and other early social theorists posited causal links between urban life and individual despair or distrust, most contemporary analyses of subjective well-being attribute variations primarily to individual characteristics. However, China’s recent warp-speed urbanization requires a more dynamic and multi-level analysis that simultaneously models individual and geographic attributes. Using a representative survey conducted in 2011 of adults living in urban China, we find that, while age, marital status, and household wealth have an impact on life satisfaction, the characteristics of the surrounding county or city district, the size of the city, as well as the route by which an individual became an urban resident, often have an independent impact. Our results indicate that after controlling for individual socio-demographic characteristics, health status, and household wealth, the new urbanites (rural-to-urban migrants and in situ urbanized rural residents) who settle in cities with urban populations between 200,000 and 500,000 are more satisfied with their lives than those who settle in either larger or smaller cities. We argue that in China, where urban centers vary greatly in size, research on individual life satisfaction should factor in the characteristics of the urban location and the means by which individuals become urban residents. Our work suggests a new research and policy direction for small cities undergoing urbanization and their future trends.
•Importance of religion is related to adolescent subjective well-being in Italy.•Importance of religion is associated with life satisfaction among 13-and 14-year-olds.•Importance of religion is ...indirectly related to well-being among 15 to 19-year-olds.•Positivity has a mediating role between importance of religion and well-being.
In recent decades, the developmental psychology literature has shown increasing interest in the role of religiosity in positive adolescent development. Nevertheless, most studies have been conducted in the United States and Northern European countries, and little is yet known about the effects of potential mediating and moderating factors on the relationship between adolescent religiosity and subjective well-being. The present study examined the relationships between the importance of religion, affective well-being, and life satisfaction in a sample of Italian adolescents using a longitudinal design covering a 1-year time span. A mediating role of positivity and a moderating role of age were explored. The study involved 993 students, 34% of whom attended middle school (aged 13 to 14 years; 44% female) and 66% of whom attended high school (aged 15 to 19 years; 52% female). Consistent with national data, most participants (92%) were Catholic. The main findings indicated that the importance of religion was directly related to life satisfaction among middle school students and indirectly related to affective well-being and life satisfaction via positivity among high school students. The results are discussed in relation to the sociocultural specificity of the Italian context.
Objective To explore the relationship of cognitive flexibility with perceived stress and life satisfaction in new recruits, construct a mindfulness-based cognitive intervention program, and ...investigate the impact of this program on cognitive flexibility and life satisfaction in the participants. Methods Cluster sampling was applied to select new recruits from a unit, and 965 participants were surveyed with questionnaires. The assessment instruments included Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among them, 61 new recruits were divided into a training group (n=31) and a control group (n=30). The training group received a mindfulness-based cognitive intervention for 6 weeks, and the control group only received mental health education every week. The training efficacy were evaluated with questionnaires and behavioral experiment (cued task-switching paradigm). Results ① Perceived stress was significantly negatively correlated with co
Much of the research on implicit theories has focused on theories of intelligence. The aim of the present study was to examine how implicit theories of emotion were associated with positive and ...negative indicators of well-being via cognitive reappraisal. College students (n = 355) answered relevant questionnaires. Results indicated that entity theory of emotion (thinking that emotions are uncontrollable) was detrimental to well-being. Entity theory of emotion negatively predicted the use of reappraisal. Entity theory of emotion was positively associated with negative emotions, anxiety, and depression, while at the same time being negatively associated with life satisfaction and positive emotions. The effects of entity theory of emotion were partially mediated by cognitive reappraisal. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
•Entity theory of emotion was negatively associated with well-being•Entity theory of emotion negatively predicted reappraisal.•Reappraisal was positively associated with positive indices of well-being.•Reappraisal partially mediated the effects of entity theory on well-being.
Recent studies have consistently lent support for the significant association between growth mindset and perseverance of effort; however, only a handful of studies focused on examining the potential ...mediators in this association. The current study examined the mediating role of life satisfaction and perceived distress in the relationship between growth mindset and perseverance of effort. A total of 377 undergraduate students responded to an online survey package. Structural equation modeling results showed that growth mindset, life satisfaction, perceived distress were significantly associated with perseverance of effort. Moreover, a serial mediation was found among the variables: students with a growth mindset tended to report higher general life satisfaction, which further decreased perceived distress level, and subsequently weakened perseverance of effort. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
•Growth mindset was positively associated with perseverance of effort.•Growth mindset was related to life satisfaction, but not perceived distress.•Life satisfaction and perceived distress affected perseverance of effort.•A serial mediation model was found among these variables.
Problematic Internet use (PIU), which is associated with deliberate self-harm (DSH), has become a common problem among adolescents. Life satisfaction (LS) may be able to mitigate the negative ...influences of PIU and DSH. But the longitudinal associations among them are yet to be well-researched.
A longitudinal study with three-wave data collection involving 6092 adolescents was carried out in China. PIU, LS, and DSH were assessed using the Young Internet Addiction Test, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory Nine-Item Version, respectively. A cross-lagged model was used to analyze the longitudinal interactions between them. Generalized Estimating Equations were adopted to identify their influential factors.
The prevalence of single DSH behaviors from wave 1 to wave 3 was 5.04%, 5.00%, and 4.67%, and the repeated DHS from wave 1 to wave 3 was 2.9%, 3.2%, and 3.4%, respectively. Bidirectional longitudinal predictive associations were revealed between PIU and LS (p＜0.001), and LS and DSH (p＜0.001). DSH could longitudinally predict PIU (p＜0.001). Gender and age were associated with PIU, LS, and DSH (p＜0.001), and PIU was influenced by ethnicity (p＜0.001).
PIU and LS, LS and DSH were associated bidirectionally. Adolescents with more severe DSH behaviors were inclined to become addicted to the Internet, and adolescents with a history of DSH had a higher risk of recurring DSH. Parents, schools, and administrators need to improve the LS of adolescents, with a particular focus on older, female adolescents.
