The aim of the article is to analyze transcription errors occurring in the texts transcribed from Russian into the Polish alphabet which were published in the journal “Zesłaniec”. The results of the ...study show that the majority of errors are caused by Polish language interference and insufficient knowledge of the Russian language. Many errors are also influenced by the sounds of the Russian language. The obtained results are compared against the outcomes of (presented) previous analyses and high-frequency errors observed in studies to date. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the author proposes to modify the current Polish transcription system of the Russian language. He postulates that the rules used by the Polish Scientific Publishers PWN are replaced with a set of rules which would to a greater extent reflect the phonetic features of the Russian language as well as the transcription practices of Polish speakers.
This paper discusses the restrictions that the standard norm of Spanish imposes on speakers. The analysis has been based on opinions expressed on the social network Twitter regarding memes that ...present spelling or grammatical deviations from the standard norm of Spanish. Firstly, some terms are discussed to contextualize this phenomenon, such as linguistic profiling and linguistic discrimination (linguicism, accentism, and glottophobia). After that, a corpus of one hundred comments collected from Twitter between November and December 2022 is analyzed. This corpus serves as textuality to illustrate how society reproduces discriminatory patterns based on the assumption of regulations understood in terms of command and prestige. The main conclusion of this research is that the restrictive nature of the languages governed by normative institutions limits the innovative practices of a linguistic community and encourages discriminatory and classist practices.
En este artículo realizamos una reflexión sobre las restricciones que la norma estándar culta del español impone en el discurso de la comunidad hispanohablante, a partir del análisis de opiniones manifestadas en la red social Twitter (X) con respecto a memes que presentan desviaciones ortográficas o gramaticales en relación con dicha norma estándar culta. Para ello se exponen primeramente los fenómenos de discriminación lingüística (hablismo, accentism y glotofobia); y, en segundo lugar, se analiza desde un punto de vista crítico un corpus de 100 comentarios recogidos en Twitter entre noviembre y diciembre de 2022, los cuales sirven como textualidad para ejemplificar cómo la sociedad reproduce patrones discriminatorios a partir de la asunción de una normatividad entendida en términos de prescripción y prestigio. Los resultados demuestran que el carácter restrictivo de las lenguas regidas por instituciones normativas limita las prácticas innovadoras de las personas de una comunidad lingüística y fomenta prácticas discriminatorias y clasistas.
O seguinte artigo explora as relações entre qualidade de língua, identidade, norma linguística e neofalantismo desde o final da ditadura. A introdução visa a situação do galego nos anos 70 para ...mostrar o seu devalo nas relações familiares, vizinhais e religiosas. A segunda parte investiga a preparação do terreno por parte do franquismo para chegar em condições de vantagem ao processo da Transição, estabelecendo a fronteira entre o espanhol e as ‘demais línguas’, bem como as limitações impostas a estas. O terceiro bloco, núcleo do artigo, aponta à aparição do sujeito neofalante e, desenha as, a juízo, caraterísticas próprias do processo de neofalantismo: aposta, decisão, interpelação, tenacidade, confiança, concepção da política como a ‘arte do impossível’. Finalmente, o quarto tramo mostra as dificuldades que o sujeito neofalante deve encarar na sua nova atitude como são o tipo de língua, a confusão normativa, a dependência do espanhol favorecida pela norma RAG, a cumplicidade desleixada do governo galego e de amplos sectores em que mesmo se inclui uma parte dos defensores do idioma.
La imagen que tienen los hablantes de una lengua respecto de un patrón normativo es esencial para la comprensión de por qué determinadas estructuras lingüísticas cambian o vacilan en el proceso que ...concluye en la manifestación de un acto verbal concreto. Los factores que condicionan este tránsito vienen favorecidos por el tipo discursivo (oral o escrito), entorno del acto verbal, condicionantes sociopolíticos, grado de educación del hablante, condiciones de emisión y recepción, ámbito geográfico de manifestación, y un largo etcétera. Lo cierto es que la variación de una lengua se ve impulsada o refrenada en función de la reacción de los hablantes ante los obstáculos que su conciencia le impone en la emisión de su mensaje durante una situación comunicativa determinada. En este sentido, después de analizar las repercusiones teóricas del concepto de norma en la escuela estructuralista, proponemos un análisis de los condicionantes sociopolíticos y culturales que pudieron influir en la creación de una conciencia normativa en el castellano de la Nueva España y de los primeros años de la Independencia mexicana a través de las opiniones manifiestas en la prensa periódica.
Common Usage vs Codified Standard: Problems with the Codification of Anglicisms in the Contemporary Russian Language This article focuses on the important problem of codification of the most recent ...borrowings of British and American English origins in the contemporary Russian language. Standardization of loanwords is a current issue of vital importance, as it has a global reach, which means that it affects not only the Russian language but many other national languages that are under the influence of the English language – the contemporary lingua franca. The codification of the lexis of foreign origin is examined based on material obtained from contemporary lifestyle magazines published in Russian. This type of press disseminates borrowed neologisms particularly intensively and, at the same time, creates the language use of the given discourse. The excerpted vocabulary items have been confronted with the lexis of the most recent Russian spelling dictionaries. The deliberations contained in this paper show a fragment of linguistic reality changing under the influence of ubiquitous English language, where common usage competes with the linguistic norm. The article shows the difficulties caused by lexical transfer of loanwords faced by specialists in prescriptive linguistics (e.g. a common problem of orthographic variation). Norma uzualna vs norma skodyfikowana. O problemach kodyfikacji anglicyzmów we współczesnym języku rosyjskim Niniejszy artykuł zwraca uwagę na istotny problem kodyfikacji najnowszych zapożyczeń anglo-amerykańskiej proweniencji we współczesnej ruszczyźnie. Temat standaryzacji zapożyczeń jest aktualny i niezwykle ważny, bowiem ma on zasięg globalny, zatem dotyczy nie tylko języka rosyjskiego, lecz wielu innych języków narodowych, które znajdują się pod wpływem angielszczyzny – współczesnej lingua franca. Badanie kodyfikacji leksyki obcego pochodzenia oparto na materiale zaczerpniętym z najnowszych rosyjskojęzycznych czasopism kolorowych typu life style. Ten rodzaj prasy szczególnie ochoczo rozpowszechnia zapożyczone neologizmy, jednocześnie kreuje uzus danego dyskursu. Wyekscerpowany materiał porównano z leksyką zawartą w najnowszych słownikach ortograficznych języka rosyjskiego. Niniejsze rozważania dają obraz fragmentu rzeczywistości językowej zmieniającej się pod wpływem wszechobecnej angielszczyzny, w której uzus konkuruje z normą językową. Ponadto wskazano tu szereg problemów wywoływanych zapożyczeniami leksykalnymi, z którymi zmagają się specjaliści z obszaru językoznawstwa normatywnego (np. powszechny problem wariantywności ortograficznej zapożyczeń).
The system of French accentuation is a relevant case of a language change, observable in a relatively short period of time in a stable synchrony. Since the mid-twentieth century, the formation of ...linguistic norms has largely depended on a specific type of utterance, media discourse, continually available in spoken audio-visual media. The impact of spoken media on the development of linguistic expression in the last few decades is unprecedented in language history. It is based on a communicational model in which speech is produced by a single speaker and instantly perceived by a multitude of receivers who have no possibility of intervening in the communicational process. Thus the receivers are passively exposed to an exclusive speaker and to language strategies conceived by the media and its linguistic authority. The analysis of two professional spoken interventions, uttered on French television, shows an important modification of the traditional accentual system: conserving the final accent (FA), the speakers systematically introduce an initial accent (IA), a landmark in the evolution of the French language and its normative features. The IA affects the first syllable of a stressed lexeme or the first syllable of an extended accentual unit, regardless of the syntactic function of the stressed morpheme. The FA is operated by the intonational action, while the IA seems to be realized by an accentual augmentation of vocal intensity. The automatism of lexical stressing is generating a systematic accentuation of the first syllable of the accentual unit. The IA mostly affects lexemes that speakers insist on because of their informative value (numerals, adverbs, proper names), but an important part of IA concerns different proclytics, such as deictic elements, articles and determinants. Accentual limitation of the unit on both sides is a specific feature of the speech in French audio-visual media. In recent decades it has found its echo in the normative speech of French linguistic communities.
A partir de pressupostos sociolinguísticos, sobre questões que envolvem variação linguística com implicações diretas no ensino- -aprendizagem da língua, o artigo enquadra-se na linha de pesquisa ...sobre linguagem e práticas sociais. O objetivo é analisar as atitudes linguísticas que os professores de português, com o nível superior de escolaridade, fazem/têm em relação à norma que eles e os seus alunos usam. Quanto ao suporte teórico, a pesquisa toma como referência a distinção dos conceitos de norma culta e norma-padrão; o conceito de norma sociolinguística que permite a sistematização não só do comportamento linguístico, mas também da avaliação social desse comportamento e da convergência de processos de mudança linguística. Do ponto de vista metodológico, foi utilizado como instrumento de recolha de dados um questionário elaborado com base em três categorias: usos do português; aceitação do português; avaliação do grau de competência dos informantes e dos seus estudantes. Os resultados sobre os usos do português revelam diferenças entre o português europeu e o moçambicano, mas que estas manifestam-se mais ao nível semântico e fonológico do que ao nível sintático e morfossintático. Quanto à aceitação do português, a avaliação é positiva, pois concordam com a necessidade de adaptação do português europeu ao contexto moçambicano, através da inclusão, no ensino, das estruturas já consolidadas na fala. Em relação à competência linguística, os informantes avaliam a sua competência como sendo excelente e a dos seus alunos muito fraca, deixando transparecer que competência linguística se limita apenas ao domínio de estruturas gramaticais e não ao desenvolvimento simultâneo de capacidades discursiva, sociolinguística e estratégica no uso da língua.Palavras-chave: norma linguística, variação linguística, avaliação social.
The aim of this article is to analyse the attitude towards the linguistic norm of the first-year students of Romance Philology in Warsaw through the auto-narration. By this tool, belonging to the ...qualitative methodology, the learner performs a retrospective introspection and thus ‘evaluates’ the learning, in our context – his learning of grammar. The stories of students-future philologists will be analysed according to the following aspects: the importance given to the linguistic norm (understood here as the need for grammatical correction), the perception of its ‘utility’ in relation to other competences and language subsystems, the relationship between awareness of the norm and the effectiveness / quality of communi-cation in a foreign language.
The Spanish, being the official language of Spain and many other countries, is characterized by an important dialectal diversity that is reflected in the differences at all linguistic levels: ...phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexico‑semantic, etc. All these differences raise controversies and discussions about the existence of a linguistic norm depending on the perspective that can have a monocentric or polycentric character. In this contribution we present some arguments for the second one. To this end, we rely on translations, starting simultaneously from the semasiological and onomasiological perspective, of some Polish‑Spanish legal terms in which it is essential to take into account, the diatopic variation as well as the norm whose character is polycentric.
The lexicon dynamics deals with the changes that occur in language from a historical stage to another. As part of a living organism, words emerge and fade away, bearing the mark of the linguistic ...norms. The linguists’ preoccupation with the accuracy of language goes back in time and is related to lexicon, semantics, grammar, spelling etc. The present study is designed as a concise presentation of certain mistakes frequently met in the current written press, with a view to correcting them. Some deviations from the norms are minor, others major, whereas their causes are numerous. Recent loans, neologisms, confusion of styles and excessive use of clichés are only a few aspects to be approached in the present work.
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