Ptičja influenca u divljih kanida Jungić, Andreja; Jemeršić, Lorena; Savić, Vladimir ...
Veterinarska stanica,
04/2024, Letnik:
55, Številka:
6
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The risk of cross-species transmission of infectious diseases and zoonoses has increased due to the adaptive evolution of pathogens and anthropogenic landscape changes. A current example is the avian ...influenza (AI) virus, which can infect not only avian species but also mammals. In these species, infections are often associated with severe neurological symptoms. AI viruses are primarily not well adapted to mammalian hosts and are not efficiently transmitted among them. To accomplish this, AI viruses must acquire adaptations or mutations that contribute to replication efficiency and virulence in mammals. The exact combination and interaction of mutations that result in optimal adaptation to mammals is still unknown and may vary between host species and virus subtypes. The globally increasing number of infected birds with highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) increases the likelihood of contact between birds and mammals, especially wildlife. One reason for the adaptation of HPAI to mammals is theexposure of wild mammals to infected birds or their carcasses. According to the current data, wild canids, such as red foxes, are among the most infected mammals. However, infections caused by neurotropic viruses, as well as HPAI, have been scarcely studied or not at all in jackals. Since jackals are scavengers that have spread rapidly in Europe and Croatia in recent years, surveillance of AI virus infection in these canids is of the utmost importance. Furthermore, interactions between wild carnivores and domestic animals are of concern, as infections with HPAI pose a public health threat due to the increased risk of mammalian adaptation.
Tijekom godina, rizik od međuvrsnog prijenosa zaraznih bolesti i zoonoza se zbog zbog adaptivne evolucije patogena i antropogenih promjena u okolišu povećao. Trenutačni primjer je virus influence ptica (IP), a koji osim ptica može zaraziti i sisavce u kojih su infekcije često povezane s teškim neurološkim simptomima. Virusi IP ponajprije nisu dobro prilagođeni sisavcima kao domaćinima i ne prenose se među njima učinkovito. Da bi to postigli, moraju se prilagoditi ili mutirati što pridonosi učinkovitijoj replikaciji i povećanju virulencije u sisavaca. Točna kombinacija i međudjelovanje mutacija koje rezultiraju optimalnom prilagodbom virusa IP na sisavce još uvijek je nepoznata i može varirati između domaćina i podtipova virusa. Vjerojatnost kontakta između ptica i sisavaca (posebice divljih) povećava se sa sve većim brojem zaraženih ptica visokopatogenim virusom IP (VPVIP) diljem svijeta. Jedan je od razloga prilagodbe VPVIP na sisavce i izlaganje divljih sisavaca zaraženim pticama ili njihovim lešinama. Među najugroženijim sisavcima su divlji kanidi (lisice i čagljevi). Neurotropni virusi, kao i VPVIP, su vrlo malo ili nikako istraženi u čagljeva. Uzevši u obzir povećanje broja i širenje staništa čagljeva u Europi, ali i u Hrvatskoj i činjenicu da se hrane lešinama, od iznimne je važnosti pratiti infekciju IP u ovih kanida. Infekcija VPVIP zbog povećanog rizika prilagodbe na sisavce predstavlja prijetnju javnom zdravlju što je posljedica sve češćeg kontakta ljudi, domaćih životinja i divljih zvijeri.
On 2 May 1991, Serbian property in Zadar and its surrounding area came under attack. The attacks took place after months of tensions between Croats and Serbs, and later became known as the ‘Night of ...Broken Glass’. These tensions were the direct consequence of the Serbian armed rebellion that erupted in northern Dalmatia, Lika, and the hinterland of Zadar in August 1991. The public security system that met the rebellion was created in January 1990, when the Secretariat of the Interior for the area of the Benkovac, Biograd na Moru, Obrovac, Pag, and Zadar municipalities was established in Zadar. In this area, Croats were an absolute majority in the Biograd na Moru and Zadar municipalities, and the Serbs in the Benkovac and Obrovac municipalities. The rebellion prompted divisions not only among the population, but also among the police. By January 1991, most policemen of Serbian nationality had left the Zadar police force and joined the rebels. Despite being weakened in terms of manpower, the Zadar police for the most part managed to successfully preserve public safety. The security situation worsened after a skirmish between Croatian police and rebel Serbs at the Plitvice Lakes on 31 March 1991. A significant increase in shootings, setting of bombs, road blockades, and other forms of criminal activity, mostly nationally motivated, was recorded. In addition to the rebel Serbs, the instability was caused by the Yugoslav People’s Army (YPA), which deployed its forces in Zadar’s hinterland in early April 1991, causing alarm among the Croatian population. This deployment was part of a broader plan through which the YPA sought to set up a ‘buffer zone’ in order to close off the areas held by rebel Serbs and prevent the Croatian police from interfering. On 2 May 1991, the security situation throughout Croatia, and therefore in the area under the jurisdiction of the Zadar police, collapsed. Serb rebels killed 12 Croatian policemen in Borovo Selo near Vukovar, and severely wounded Zadar policeman Franko Lisica in Polača near Biograd na Moru; he soon died of his wounds. Despite the Croatian authorities’ calls for peace, spontaneous unrest erupted throughout Croatia, and Serbian property and companies were attacked. Furthermore, there were incidents involving the YPA. The mood of the Croatian population in Zadar after the murder of the policeman Lisica was similar to that in other parts of Croatia. Despite the municipal authorities’ calls for peace and their organising of a peaceful protest march, various uncoordinated groups demolished and plundered Serbian property on 2 May. The Zadar police failed to stop them because most of the policemen were engaged in the area affected by the Serb rebellion, while others were busy protecting the residential buildings in Zadar in which members of the YPA and their families resided. Soon, due to a feeling of insecurity, a mass exodus of Serbs from Zadar took place; these Serbs took refuge in the areas occupied by the rebels. Apart from the Zadar Serbs, Croats in the areas held by Serb rebels also began to leave their homes in early May 1991. On 1 May 1991, rebel Serbs drove many Croats from the areas around Knin. On the night of 6 to 7 May, as an act of revenge for the events in Zadar, the property of Croats, Albanians, and Croatian companies was attacked and plundered. Different sources give different data regarding the extent of the damage caused to Serbian property. Criminal charges raised by the Croatian police against unknown perpetrators on 2 May 1991 mention that 175 catering establishments, commercial premises, stands, kiosks, and automobiles were damaged. Apart from the property of Serbs, property belonging to Croats, Muslims, Roma, and Croatian companies was also damaged. There are numerous prejudices and controversies regarding the ‘Night of Broken Glass’, which mostly ignore the then security-political context. Certainly, there were those among the Croats who did not consider the attacks on Serbian property and their exodus from Zadar as anything controversial, but available sources clearly point towards the conclusion that the destruction of Serbian property was not organised and was not a part of the policy of the Croatian leadership.
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) has the widest global distribution among terrestrial carnivore species and is an important reservoir for a range of parasites. Investigations on parasitic fauna of red ...foxes have intensified in recent years in Serbia, resulting in the detection of some parasites that have not been recorded before. Within the Programme for the Control and Eradication of Rabies in Serbia, from January to March 2019, 52 legally hunted foxes were was established by standard methods, i.e. dissection followed by microscopic examination. Internal organs of the hunted animals were examined for the presence of parasites. Parasite identification was based on morphological characteristics. Parasites were found in 23 (44.23%) foxes. Eight species of parasites were established, among which, the nematode Molineus patens (Dujardin, 1845) was discovered in the small intestine of five foxes (9.61%). The intensity of M. patens infection varied from 17 to 43 parasites. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of M. patens in red foxes in Serbia and in the Western Balkans.
Computational methods that predict and evaluate binding of ligands to receptors implicated in different pathologies have become crucial in modern drug design and discovery. Here, we describe ...protocols for using the recently developed package of computational tools for similarity-based drug discovery. The ProBiS stand-alone program and web server allow superimposition of protein structures against large protein databases and predict ligands based on detected binding site similarities. GenProBiS allows mapping of human somatic missense mutations related to cancer and non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms and subsequent visual exploration of specific interactions in connection to these mutations. We describe protocols for using LiSiCA, a fast ligand-based virtual screening software that enables easy screening of large databases containing billions of small molecules. Finally, we show the use of BoBER, a web interface that enables user-friendly access to a large database of bioisosteric and scaffold hopping replacements.
„Kristalna noć" najčešće se povezuje s nacističkim uništavanjem židovske imovine 1938., ali u kontekstu rata u Hrvatskoj neki taj pojam koriste i za uništavanje srpske imovine u Zadru i njegovoj ...okolici 2. svibnja 1991. Dok se u većini hrvatske javnosti taj događaj ignorira, dio javnosti interpretira ga kao početak progona srpskoga stanovništva u organizaciji Hrvatske demokratske zajednice, zadarskih općinskih vlasti te hrvatske policije. Takav stav uglavnom je posljedica medijskih manipulacija i nema uporište u činjenicama. Premda se dio povjesničara u svojim znanstvenim radovima dotaknuo zbivanja u Zadru početkom svibnja 1991., zadarska „kristalna noć" uglavnom je ostala historiografski neistražena. Rad se temelji na neobjavljenim arhivskim izvorima Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske, Jugoslavenske narodne armije, tisku i relevantnoj literaturi.
Ligand-based virtual screening of large small-molecule databases is an important step in the early stages of drug development. It is based on the similarity principle and is used to reduce the ...chemical space of large databases to a manageable size where chosen ligands can be experimentally tested. Ligand-based virtual screening can also be used to identify bioactive molecules with different basic scaffolds compared to already known bioactive molecules, thus having the potential to increase the structural variability of compounds. Here, we present an interface between the popular molecular graphics system PyMOL and the ligand-based virtual screening software LiSiCA available at
http://insilab.org/lisica-plugin
and demonstrate how this interface can be used in the early stages of drug discovery process.
Graphical Abstract
Ligand-based virtual screening interface between PyMOL and LiSiCA.
Na temelju raspoloživih podataka iz 1978. do 2015. u Autonomnoj pokrajini Vojvodini (Republika Srbija) analizirana je dinamika populacija lisice (Vulpes vulpes linneus, 1758) i zeca običnog (Lepus ...europaeus Pallas, 1778). U obzir je uzet odstrel lisice kao čimbenika koji utječe na brojnost zečeva. U tom je razdoblju tijekom redovnih lovova odstrijeljeno ukupno 399 976 lisica, a godišnji prosjek iznosi 10 526 (SD = 2985). Podaci proljetnog prebrojavanja zečeva pokazuju fluktuacije tijekom istraživačkog razdoblja i trend opadanja njihova broja. za istraživanje je odabrana lisica kao najbrojniji grabežljivac na ovom području, s najviše utjecaja na zeca običnog. Također, tijekom 2010. godine provedeno je cijepljenje protiv bjesnoće diljem zemlje, što je dovelo do porasta broja lisica. No dok je broj lisica porastao, u sljedećim je godinama odstrel ostao gotovo jednak. Analize odnosa između zeca običnoga i lisice od 1978. do 2009. i od 2010. do 2015. pokazuju znakovitu razliku. Ovo istraživanje pokazuje da je broj lisica znatno povećan nakon kampanje cijepljenja protiv bjesnoće. Slijedom toga ovo je važan čimbenik koji utječe i na populaciju zeca. Također, očito je da se odstrel lisica mora povećati kako bi se održala prirodna ravnoteža.
Ovaj rad donosi pregled uspješnosti kampanja oralne vakcinacije lisica na području Republike Hrvatske u razdoblju od 2010. do 2017. godine te kretanje broja zaraženih lisica na čitavom teritoriju ...naše zemlje. Tijekom sedam godina prikupljeno je ukupno više od 30 000 lešina lisica koje su pretražene na bjesnoću. Osim lisica pretražen je i velik broj lešina drugih divljih i domaćih životinja koje su mogle biti potencijalni izvor zaraze. Rezultati pokazuju da je oralna vakcinacija bila učinkovita metoda suzbijanja ove smrtonosne bolesti u divljih, a tako i u domaćih životinja, s obzirom na činjenicu da je nakon gotovo 40 godina stalnog postojanja bjesnoće na našem teritoriju ta bolest konačno iskorijenjena. Prije početka kampanje oralne vakcinacije 2010. godine na bjesnoću je bilo pozitivno 15,8 % svih pretraženih lisica, a već nakon jedne provedene akcije oralne imunizacije, godinu dana poslije, taj se postotak smanjuje na 9 % pozitivnih jedinki. Četiri godine nakon početka kampanje oralne vakcinacije postignuto je da ni jedna pretražena životinja u Republici Hrvatskoj više nije bila zaražena virusom bjesnoće, što upućuje na veliku učinkovitost provedenih akcija. Prikazani rezultati istraživanja upućuju na izrazito pozitivan učinak kampanje oralne imunizacije lisica u kontroli te suzbijanju rezervoara i vektora silvatične bjesnoće.
Lisica (Vulpes vulpes) nositelj je brojnih parazita među kojima se nalazi i oblić Ancylostoma caninum. Ovaj parazit može u odgovarajućim okolnostima predstavljati i opasnost za zdravlje ljudi i ...domaćih životinja. Iz takvih je razloga praćenje parazitskog statusa lisica od iznimne važnosti, posebice onih koje se nalaze u neposrednoj blizini čovjeka, poput prigradskih i gradskih lisica. Tu se ubrajaju i lisice u različitim parkovima gdje je povećana aktivnost ljudi i kućnih ljubimaca te postoji i povećan rizik od međusobnog prijenosa različitih uzročnika bolesti. U ovom istraživanju prikazani su rezultati makroskopske i dodatnih pretraga probavnog sustava 28 lisica s područja Parka prirode Medvednica prikupljenih u okviru provedbe Programa zaštite divljači. Oblić A. caninum utvrđen je u 10 životinja, što čini 36 % ukupnog nalaza parazita. Usporedbom prema revirima zaštite prirode nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike. Usporedbom prema spolovima također nema statistički značajne razlike (???2 = 2,273; p = 0,131; OR = 5,50; CI (95%) = 0,51-59,01). Istraživanje je pokazalo relativno visoku učestalost ovog oblića u lisica s područja PP Medvednica.
Svrha ovog rada bila je odrediti molekularnu epidemiologiju djelomičnih sekvencija gena G virusa bjesnoće u terenskim uzorcima pozitivnima na bjesnoću iz različitih područja Litve te ih filogenetski ...usporediti s različitim izolatima virusa bjesnoće iz divljih mesojeda na području Baltičkog jezera, Europe i Rusije. Pretraženo je 20 uzoraka tkiva mozga bijesnih životinja prikupljenih u razdoblju od 2006. do 2011. Višestruka poravnanja sekvencija od 358 nukleotida gena G (nt 3324-3682) učinjena su pomoću programa ClustalW. Filogenetska i molekularno evolucijska analiza provedena je metodom združivanja genetski najsličnijih sojeva (engl. Neighbour-joining method) u MEGA verziji 4. Filogenetska istraživanja glikoproteina virusa naznačuju da su G-sekvencije izolata litavskoga virusa bjesnoće usko srodne i pokazuju 89,8-98,9 % nt identičnosti. G-sekvencije izolata virusa bjesnoće iz litavskog rakunskog psa i crvenih lisica bile su sačuvanije (97,2 % nt identičnosti) nego izolati virusa bjesnoće izdvojeni iz rakunskog psa (95,1 % nt identičnosti). G-sekvencije dvaju izolata iz litavskih rakunskih pasa bile su prilično divergentne (90,8 i 91,2 % nt identičnosti) i usko srodne s G-sekvencijama izolata virusa bjesnoće iz Estonije (92,5 % nt identičnosti), Rusije (91,0 %) i Poljske (89,3 %). Komparativno istraživanje G-sekvencije litavskih izolata virusa bjesnoće i različitih izolata iz Njemačke, Slovenije i Francuske pokazalo je 84,2 % nt identičnosti, dok je identičnost između G-sekvencije između litavskih izolata virusa bjesnoće i ruskih izolata bila na razini 88,1 % nt identičnosti.
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