The efforts of the state and the literati, such as the implementation of beneficent politics(仁政) and the rectification of folk customs, led to the alteration of the medical environment throughout the ...Song period. Epidemics with a severe impact that occurred frequently were what started the transition. Urbanization, increased transit accessibility, and population growth have all contributed to the emergence of epidemics. In addition, a disease that was indigenous to southern China, where regional development and population expansion were focused, started to spread widely. When an epidemic spread, the local population occasionally received medical care, but most of the time they relied on spiritual care from the neighborhood shaman or spirit medium. Spiritual treatment is utilized to treat malignant infectious diseases, even though professional doctors primarily focus on treating patients with traditional medicine.
By editing and releasing publications on medicine at the national level, the Song dynasty government and intellectuals encouraged the development and transmission of efficient treatment procedures to advance medical practices. Meanwhile, folk remedies or medical prescriptions discovered by renowned scholars like Su Shi(蘇軾) and Shen Kuo((沈括) were included in the medical book and made available to the general public. Although there was a difference of opinion between the Song government and intellectuals, they commonly rejected shamanistic treatment and pursued the spread of medicine treatment through the transmission of codified medical knowledge.
In the end, the spread of the epidemic and the subsequent transmission and development of Song dynasty medicine had a significant impact on the emergence of codified medicine treatment, but this was not solely to advance medical knowledge; it also served to further their political and ideological objectives. As a result, the following Jin(金) and Yuan( 元) dynasties’ physicians instantly criticized the Song dynasty’s medical advancements. It is indisputable, however, that the medical development of the Song dynasty had a considerable influence on later Chinese medical practice in that it established the ideological superiority of formal and orthodox therapy over traditional and heterodox spiritual care.
This essay examines the social, cultural, and economic life of Kawai Koume (1804–1889), a bushi housewife and artist living in the Wakayama castle town of Kishu domain in the final years of the ...Tokugawa era and the early years of Meiji. Using a diary that Koume kept over a period of at least fifty years, the essay examines the ways in which Koume’s art was integrated with her daily life as household manager, and it explores the transformations of those relationships after the Meiji Restoration. While acknowledging the reality of class and gender ideologies and their effects on daily life, the essay focuses on Koume’s determination to contribute meaningfully to her family’s social, cultural, and economic life. And in the wake of a decade of disruption and transformation following the Meiji Restoration, it points to the unsung heroism of many women in forging new paths to economic recovery and self-sufficiency.
This paper provides an in-depth study of Morokoshi meishō zue, the only substantial Japanese illustrated book on the cultural geography of contemporaneous Qing China (1644 – 1911) produced during the ...Edo period (1603 – 1868). By analysing its appropriations of valuable and recent Chinese publications, insertion of Osaka-Kyoto identities, and production networks, this paper situates the book in the late Tokugawa context of social control and deviance. Examining the cultural connections surrounding the book’s production and consumption, this paper also proposes a revaluation of the art-historical cliché of the Japanese literati and reveals the social and political significances of their promotion of Chinese art and culture in early modern Japan.
Under the background of contemporary cultural protection and dynamic inheritance, the interpretation and re-expression of the artistic connotations of Chinese literati paintings have become the main ...direction of heritage research. Digital technology and multimedia expression have become important means of cultural expression and transmission. Most Chinese literati paintings are ink paintings, and the particularity of ink painting makes it difficult to decompose and extract the screen content by simple means, which has caused difficulties in digitization, re-expression, and public interpretation to some extent. To solve this problem, a new robust multi-view (M-V) fuzzy clustering algorithm is proposed for image segmentation of Chinese literati paintings to achieve effective decomposition and extraction of ancient paintings. Through the effective decomposition and extraction of literati paintings, the electronic and digital transformation and preservation of literati paintings can be realized. This kind of preservation method, more than traditional scanning, can preserve the artistry of literati paintings, which is of great value for the re-expression and dissemination of cultural heritage. Experiments on noise-added Brodatz texture images show that the proposed algorithm is insensitive to noise and has good robustness. Experiments on real Chinese literati paintings show that the proposed algorithm can effectively segment literati paintings and further realize their decomposition and extraction.
The paper focuses on the direct Bible quotations that the anonymous translator and Evagrius of Antioch rendered from Greek into Latin as part of their versions of the Life of Antony, each in his own ...way. Did the anonymous translator use any of the existing fourth-century Latin translations of the Bible to translate the biblical quotations he found in the Greek original, or did he translate them himself, without recourse to translations already available? Which version of the Bible did he use when translating the biblical quotations, in Latin or in Greek? What does the anonymous translator’s “literal” and “low-register” style tell us about the translator? Was his non-idiomatic Latin a choice, “Christian” Latin, or rather a limitation in translating into Latin as his target language? On the other hand, what does Evagrius’ “high” and stylistically sophisticated and improved Latin tell us about Evagrius? Whom does he write for, and what do his readers expect from him? This paper aims at answering these questions.
Experts in the field of architecture and landscape design have reached a broad consensus that the Chinese literati garden is a type of built environment that seamlessly integrates architecture and ...landscape with exceptional cultural, artistic, and historical values. However, previous site-based studies have often leaned towards either a subjective description of the experience or a technical analysis of the space. Both approaches may result in oversimplified interpretations of the Chinese literati garden, failing to adequately capture its fundamental spatial-experiential structure.
This paper aims to address this challenge through the lens of phenomenology. Specifically, it examines an essential spatial-experiential structure—the FS-FW structure—embedded within the Chinese literati garden. The term FS-FW structure, as meticulously established in this paper, refers to the spatial-experiential structure formed by the relationship between one's experience within a single “focusing space” (a space built for visitors to linger and mindfully appreciate their surroundings) and that within its “focused world” (a phenomenal world of surroundings generated during visitors' stay in the focusing space).
Using the Master of the Nets Garden as a case study, this paper investigates how the FS-FW structure shapes one's experiences within a literati garden and explores several important mechanisms related to it. A variety of methods are employed throughout, with GIS-based spatial-visual analysis being particularly significant. The case study leads to a series of original results, including some significant mechanisms, that explain how Chinese literati gardens shape visitors' experiences. This paper concludes that the FS-FW structure is a key factor responsible for shaping a continuous, rich, and clearly formulated experience within the Chinese literati garden.
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