With the costs of college on the rise across the United States, many postsecondary educators are concerned about the potential effect of financial strain on student outcomes. Scholars have long ...hypothesized that students who are concerned about finances may demonstrate lower goal commitment, academic engagement, and persistence (Boatman & Long, 2016; Cabrera, Nora, & Castañeda, 1992; Nora, Barlow, & Crisp, 2006). High levels of student loan debt and financial stress have been associated with increases in students' likelihood of dropping out, stopping out, or reducing their course loads (Dwyer, Hodson, & McCloud, 2013; Joo, Durband, & Grable, 2008; Robb, Moody, & Abdel-Ghany, 2012). Financial concerns have also been linked with extended time to degree (Letkiewicz et al., 2014), which can further escalate the costs of college. Trends in student borrowing and financial stress vary between racial and ethnic groups and by gender, pointing to possible inequities in financial support for college. This article examines how both objective and subjective indicators of financial concerns were associated with academic performance. First, the authors examined whether expected student loan debt and subjective levels of financial stress were associated with academic performance after 1 year, controlling for prior grades and demographics. Then, the authors examined interaction effects to determine whether the academic implications of financial concerns differed on the basis of race/ethnicity or gender.
The effects of language contact extend well beyond the borrowing of lexical items, and can include morphosyntactic, phonetic, and phonological changes over time (Thomason & Kaufman 1998). One ...especially common structural outcome of long-term contact is phonetic transfer (Matras 2009: 222). The Welsh spoken in Patagonia, which has been in close contact with Spanish for the past 150 years, offers one example of this phenomenon: Jones (1984) observes that younger speakers of Patagonian Welsh may be developing unaspirated voiceless stops /ptk/ as a result of Spanish contact. This paper measures the voice-onset time (VOT) of the Welsh voiceless stops /ptk/ using contemporary conversational speech data from both Patagonia and Wales, for speakers in three age groups (0–29, 30–59, and 60+ years), to examine the effects of Spanish contact on Patagonian Welsh. Results indicate that the tendencies seen in Jones (1984) have held true, and in fact have generalized to become a feature of Patagonian Welsh for speakers of all ages: Patagonian speakers produce the Welsh stops /ptk/ with significantly shorter VOT than speakers from Wales. These results shed light on an important distinguishing phonetic feature of this understudied variety of Welsh, as well as the dynamics of language contact in action.
Aims and objectives:
Social factors in language contact are not well understood. This study seeks to establish and explain the role of social entrenchment in the evolution of contact languages. It ...also aims to contribute to a broader perspective on areality that can account for social and linguistic factors in contact outcomes involving all languages present in multilingual ecologies, including contact languages.
Methodology:
The copula system was singled out for a detailed analysis. A corpus of primary data of the three African English-lexifier contact languages, Pichi, Cameroon Pidgin, and Ghanaian Pidgin, their ancestor Krio, and of their African adstrates (Bube, Mokpe, Akan) and European superstrates (Spanish, English) was investigated and compared.
Data and analysis:
Relevant features were selected for a dissimilarity matrix. A quantitative analysis was done with SplitsTree4. The resulting distance matrix and phylogenetic network were investigated for signals of genealogical transmission and areal diffusion and interpreted on their social background.
Findings/conclusions:
The copula systems of the three contact languages carry a genealogical signal of their ancestor Krio as well as an areal signal from the adstrates and superstrates spoken in their respective ecologies. The amount of areal borrowing increases in the order Pichi < Cameroon Pidgin < Ghanaian Pidgin, reflective of the depth of social entrenchment of each variety from left to right.
Originality:
Previous studies do not describe the copula systems of the English-lexifier contact languages of Africa and the Caribbean at a similar level of granularity and mostly focus on their emergence during creolization. This study attempts to explain their subsequent areal differentiation and links it to differences in social ecologies.
Significance/implications:
Areal borrowing can lead to significant departures from genealogically inherited structures within a short time if social entrenchment is shallow. Conversely, even languages of wider communication can remain remarkably stable if social entrenchment is deep.
A prevalent practice among the speakers of Hul'q'umi'num' in the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries was to create a nickname for a person by nativizing his or her English name. Nativized names ...show the same sort of accommodation to Hul'q'umi'num' phonology and morphology as seen in other loanwords. Sociolinguistically, the use of nicknames contributed to group cohesion by giving an affectionate way to refer to friends and relatives that was different from the legal name used by outsiders.
This study aims at tracking the various semantic changes of Arabic loanwords in Turkish (ALTs). The loanword data of the study were collected from a number of dictionaries including Sapan’s (2005) ...dictionary and Webster's Turkish-English Thesaurus Dictionary. Six types of semantic change are found at work in ALTs, the most frequent of which is radical semantic shift which represents more than 64% of the total loanword data followed by the processes of narrowing (20%) and widening (8%). The other three types have marginal roles to play in the semantic change process. Radical shifts involve some interesting cases which are peculiar to Turkish and are pertaining to the phenomenon of semantic replacement. The linguistic and extralinguistic factors like lexical need, the diachronic factor, the speaker’s miscomprehension and ignorance upon loanword incorporation are among the factors that lead to and affect the direction of semantic change of ALTs.
Based on case studies, the paper reveals some fundamental flaws in etymologies of loanwords in Modern Russian contained in the most authoritative lexicographic descriptions. Taking into account ...up-to-date lexicographic sources as well as the time, conditions and circumstances of loanwords entering the Russian lexicon, the article clarifies the etymology of the lexemes under survey and rejects previous doubtful or erroneous hypotheses. The article also discusses the issue of the so-called "literal" meanings of foreign language etymons and the use of the corresponding field label "bukv." in the etymology fields of dictionary entries. Case studies show that due to the ambiguity of the concept "literal," the "bukv." label is used inconsistently, which can be misleading. In this connection, the paper suggests either abandoning the use of the label altogether or clearly defining its meaning in dictionary user guides.
The study on the extrinsic language and its relation with religious system is important to undertake as it has strong intrinsic language paradigm. This paper found that there is a gap in the language ...research in response to a socio-cultural challenge. This paper studies the use of language and Islamic fundamentalism system in the religious book of Jamaah Tablig. The result shows that there is a correlation between them. The Arabic loanwords used by Jamaah Tablig in their preaching activities indicate that their religious system is fundamentalist. This paper uses the hermeneutical approach to study this topic. Next, this paper suggests that this group use the contextual and socio-cultural elements of the Quran, and do not use solely literal approach to the study of Islam (the Quran and the Muhammad tradition/Sunnah).DOI: 10.15408/insaniyat.v1i1.4341
The Middle English period is well known as one of widespread lexical borrowing from French and Latin, and scholarly accounts traditionally assume that this influx of loanwords caused many native ...terms to shift in sense or to drop out of use entirely. The study analyses an extensive dataset, tracking patterns in lexical retention, replacement and semantic change, and comparing long-term outcomes for both native and non-native words. Our results challenge the conventional view of competition between existing terms and foreign incomers. They show that there were far fewer instances of relexification, and far more of synonymy, during the Middle English period than might have been expected. When retention rates for words first attested between 1100 and 1500 are compared, it is loanwords, not native terms, which are more likely to become obsolete at any point up to the nineteenth century. Furthermore, proportions of outcomes involving narrowing and broadening (often considered common outcomes following the arrival of a co-hyponym in a semantic space) were low in the Middle English period, regardless of language of origin.
We discuss two unrelated languages, Jingulu (Mirndi, non-Pama-Nyungan) and Mudburra (Ngumpin-Yapa, Pama-Nyungan), which have been in contact for 200-500 years. The language contact situation is ...unusual cross-linguistically due to the high number of shared nouns, tending to an almost shared noun lexicon. Even more unusually, this lexicon was formed by borrowing in both directions at a relatively equal rate. The aim of this paper is to extend the bidirectional noun borrowing results to the verbal systems of Jingulu and Mudburra to determine whether a similarly high rate of borrowing occurred, and if so, whether it was similarly bidirectional. The high degree of shared Jingulu-Mudburra verb forms was first observed by Pensalfini who claimed that Jingulu and Mudburra lexical verbs are almost entirely cognate across these two languages. This paper aims to quantify the degree of shared verb forms and determine the direction of borrowing between Mudburra and Jingulu. We first establish shared forms and then determine the origins of the forms based on a comparative database of verbs from geographic and phylogenetic neighbours (Wambaya, Gurindji and Jaminjung).
This paper discusses the phonological behaviour of nasal segments in English loanwords in the Kelantan dialect of Malay. It has largely been discussed in previous Malay studies that nasal segments in ...words are finally deleted, as in /ikan/ → ikɛ ‘fish’ and /jalan/ →dʒalɛ ‘road’. The claims made by previous studies however cannot entirely hold for English words borrowed by the dialect. Based on previous data from Shapri (1980), this paper will show that some of the loanwords obey the grammar in that some nasal segments in word-final position are deleted and some are not. The obedience to grammar can be seen in words like ‘attendant’ itandɛ and ‘go astern’ gostɛ. Meanwhile, violation of the grammar can be seen in English words like ‘canteen’, ‘agreement’, ‘accident’ and ‘cufflink’, which are realised as kɛtɛŋ, ɛgremiŋ, eɁsiden and kaflin, respectively, when they are borrowed by the dialect. How obedience and violation occur with loanwords will be accounted for in this paper by adopting a constraint-based analysis, Optimality theory.
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