Cities of Knowledge O'Mara, Margaret
2015, 2015., 20150217, 2004, Letnik:
27
eBook
What is the magic formula for turning a place into a high-tech capital? How can a city or region become a high-tech powerhouse like Silicon Valley? For over half a century, through boom times and ...bust, business leaders and politicians have tried to become "the next Silicon Valley," but few have succeeded. This book examines why high-tech development became so economically important late in the twentieth century, and why its magic formula of people, jobs, capital, and institutions has been so difficult to replicate. Margaret O'Mara shows that high-tech regions are not simply accidental market creations but "cities of knowledge"--planned communities of scientific production that were shaped and subsidized by the original venture capitalist, the Cold War defense complex.
At the heart of the story is the American research university, an institution enriched by Cold War spending and actively engaged in economic development. The story of the city of knowledge broadens our understanding of postwar urban history and of the relationship between civil society and the state in late twentieth-century America. It leads us to further redefine the American suburb as being much more than formless "sprawl," and shows how it is in fact the ultimate post-industrial city. Understanding this history and geography is essential to planning for the future of the high-tech economy, and this book is must reading for anyone interested in building the next Silicon Valley.
One of the most vexing problems for governments is building controversial facilities that serve the needs of all citizens but have adverse consequences for host communities. Policymakers must decide ...not only where to locate often unwanted projects but also what methods to use when interacting with opposition groups. InSite Fights, Daniel P. Aldrich gathers quantitative evidence from close to five hundred municipalities across Japan to show that planners deliberately seek out acquiescent and unorganized communities for such facilities in order to minimize conflict.
When protests arise over nuclear power plants, dams, and airports, agencies regularly rely on the coercive powers of the modern state, such as land expropriation and police repression. Only under pressure from civil society do policymakers move toward financial incentives and public relations campaigns. Through fieldwork and interviews with bureaucrats and activists, Aldrich illustrates these dynamics with case studies from Japan, France, and the United States. The incidents highlighted inSite Fightsstress the importance of developing engaged civil society even in the absence of crisis, thereby making communities both less attractive to planners of controversial projects and more effective at resisting future threats.
Determining the best location to serve companies’ profitability and sustainability is becoming more crucial every day, since the rivalry between companies is getting more intense. The transformation ...of economies from manufacturing orientation towards service based activities has resulted in a growing contribution of the service based economy in gross domestic product and workforce of developing countries. These recent changes in the economy are indicators that service facility related location science has received greater interest. Service location problems has been studied since the 1900s and interest on these types of problems has started to grow especially after the aforementioned economic transformation in the 2000s. A large number of problems have been investigated for different service facilities. However, there is a need for a survey that systematically classifies these papers in order to comprehend them thoroughly due to their prominence and complexity. This paper examines 90 papers that have been published on service facility location problems since 2000. The paper presents a classification based on 19 main characteristics including key features and descriptive dimensions of location problems in order to develop a taxonomy from an operations research perspective to assist the location scientists and practitioners who work on service facility location problems. Furthermore, service facility location problems are categorized according to their application fields and investigated in detail relating to each characteristic. We also draw interesting comparisons of characteristics between facility location problems in different application fields and highlight directions for future research.
•The literature on facility location is reviewed in a structured form.•Contribution by some European groups is highlighted.•The review sweeps from the beginnings of the field up to date.
This paper ...surveys the history of location models. Starting with the earliest contributions in mathematics, it follows the journey of the topic through its reincarnations in geography and finally in operations research. While we attempted to highlight the major milestones, we do not claim this survey to be comprehensive. Being the 50th anniversary of EURO, we highlighted the contribution of some of the most active European groups.
► We review around 140 references on dynamic facility location problem. ► We classify all papers in terms of models, solutions, performance measures and applications. ► We suggest further researches ...and prospects in the area of dynamic facility location.
In order to modify the current facility or develop a new facility, the dynamics of facility location problems (FLPs) ought to be taken into account so as to efficiently deal with changing parameters such as market demand, internal and external factors, and populations. Since FLPs have a strategic or long-term essence, the inherited uncertainty of future parameters must be incorporated in relevant models, so these models can be considered applicable and ready to implement. Furthermore, due to largely capital outlaid, location or relocation of facilities is basically considered as a long-term planning. Hence, regarding the way in which relevant criteria will change over time, decision makers not only are concerned about the operability and profitability of facilities for an extended period, but also seek to robust locations fitting well with variable demands. Concerning this fact, a trade-off should be set between benefits brought by facility location changes and costs incurred by possible modifications. This review reports on literature pointing out some aspects and characteristics of the dynamics of FLPs. In fact, this paper aims not only to review most variants of these problems, but also to provide a broad overview of their mathematical formulations as well as case studies that have been studied by the literature. Finally, based on classified research works and available gaps in the literature, some possible research trends will be pointed out.
A Survey of Location Prediction on Twitter Zheng, Xin; Han, Jialong; Sun, Aixin
IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering,
09/2018, Letnik:
30, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Locations, e.g., countries, states, cities, and point-of-interests, are central to news, emergency events, and people's daily lives. Automatic identification of locations associated with or mentioned ...in documents has been explored for decades. As one of the most popular online social network platforms, Twitter has attracted a large number of users who send millions of tweets on daily basis. Due to the world-wide coverage of its users and real-time freshness of tweets, location prediction on Twitter has gained significant attention in recent years. Research efforts are spent on dealing with new challenges and opportunities brought by the noisy, short, and context-rich nature of tweets. In this survey, we aim at offering an overall picture of location prediction on Twitter. Specifically, we concentrate on the prediction of user home locations, tweet locations, and mentioned locations. We first define the three tasks and review the evaluation metrics. By summarizing Twitter network, tweet content, and tweet context as potential inputs, we then structurally highlight how the problems depend on these inputs. Each dependency is illustrated by a comprehensive review of the corresponding strategies adopted in state-of-the-art approaches. In addition, we also briefly review two related problems, i.e., semantic location prediction and point-of-interest recommendation. Finally, we make a conclusion of the survey and list future research directions.
Mobile phones are no longer what they used to be. Not only can users connect to the Internet anywhere and anytime, they can also use their devices to map their precise geographic coordinates - and ...access location-specific information like restaurant reviews, historical information, and locations of other people nearby. The proliferation of location-aware mobile technologies calls for a new understanding of how we define public spaces, how we deal with locational privacy, and how networks of power are developed today.
In Mobile Interfaces in Public Spaces, Adriana de Souza E. Silva and Jordan Frith examine these social and spatial changes by framing the development of location-aware technology within the context of other mobile and portable technologies such as the book, the Walkman, the iPod, and the mobile phone. These technologies work as interfaces to public spaces - that is, as symbolic systems that not only filter information but also reshape communication relationships and the environment in which social interaction takes place. Yet rather than detaching people from their surroundings, the authors suggest that location-aware technologies may ultimately strengthen our connections to locations.
The first major synthesis of an emerging geography which is undoubtedly changing the way in which academics, planners and policy-makers identify and interpret the spatial development of cities and ...regions in the 1980s.
Recent advances in localization techniques have fundamentally enhanced social networking services, allowing users to share their locations and location-related contents, such as geo-tagged photos and ...notes. We refer to these social networks as location-based social networks (LBSNs). Location data bridges the gap between the physical and digital worlds and enables a deeper understanding of users’ preferences and behavior. This addition of vast geo-spatial datasets has stimulated research into novel recommender systems that seek to facilitate users’ travels and social interactions. In this paper, we offer a systematic review of this research, summarizing the contributions of individual efforts and exploring their relations. We discuss the new properties and challenges that location brings to recommender systems for LBSNs. We present a comprehensive survey analyzing 1) the data source used, 2) the methodology employed to generate a recommendation, and 3) the objective of the recommendation. We propose three taxonomies that partition the recommender systems according to the properties listed above. First, we categorize the recommender systems by the objective of the recommendation, which can include locations, users, activities, or social media. Second, we categorize the recommender systems by the methodologies employed, including content-based, link analysis-based, and collaborative filtering-based methodologies. Third, we categorize the systems by the data sources used, including user profiles, user online histories, and user location histories. For each category, we summarize the goals and contributions of each system and highlight the representative research effort. Further, we provide comparative analysis of the recommender systems within each category. Finally, we discuss the available data-sets and the popular methods used to evaluate the performance of recommender systems. Finally, we point out promising research topics for future work. This article presents a panorama of the recommender systems in location-based social networks with a balanced depth, facilitating research into this important research theme.
Location semantics can expose mobile users' preferences and lifestyles, posing a significant privacy risk when utilizing location-based services. Users with different semantic locations typically ...have varying sensitivities and different privacy requirements. However, current research has not quantitatively studied how sensitivity affects location privacy protection. This paper proposes a semantic adaptive geo-indistinguishability mechanism (SAGEO) to quantify personalized location privacy. Then, we present a novel semantic curved distance-based mechanism to ensure the above SAGEO achieve differential privacy by adding random noise to users' locations. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism provides a better balance between privacy protection and quality of service compared to existing benchmarks.
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