Introduction & Objective: to assess glucometabolic effects of OM, a novel fully digestible SDC. Methods: In a cross-over RCT, we tested 33g and 50g of OM/MD in PwO (n=26, mean age 44 yrs, BMI 29.9 ...kg/m2, HbA1c 5.3%), and 50g in people with T2D (n=22, age 61 yrs, BMI 31.8 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.4%). OM/MD was dissolved in water (300mL) and consumed fasted. The primary exploratory endpoint was the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for glucose, assessed by frequent blood sampling over 3h. Insulin and GLP-1 were also assessed. Analysis was performed by a mixed model (LS mean 95% CI). Results: OM elicited a significantly lower PP glucose response vs MD, for both doses in PwO (Fig) (e.g., 0-60 min 33g: ΔGlu iAUC -38% -12.95 (-19.50, -6.41) mg/dLxh, p=0.0002; 50g: -28% -10.07 (-16.52, -3.61), p=0.0027), as well as for PP insulin response (-60% to -38% across dose, and time periods, Fig all p <0.05). The 0-90 min PP GLP-1 response with OM relative to MD was smaller (50g: -24.2% p=0.0425; 33g: -22.7% p=0.1883), whereas 90-180 min larger (Fig; 50g: +408.6% p<0.0001; 33g: +308.0% p=0.0036. Patterns were similar in people with T2D. Conclusion: The results underscore a slow hydrolysis of OM, and support it`s glucometabolic advantages over MD, hence representing a healthier carbohydrate.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the drying adjuvants maltodextrin, gum Arabic and albumin on the physical and physicochemical characteristics of freeze-dried bacuri pulp ...powder. The adjuvants were added to the pulp at a concentration of 20% (w/w), giving three samples that were dehydrated in a freeze-dryer. The samples were analysed for moisture content, colour using the CIELab scale, phenolic compounds, hygroscopicity, particle morphology and density. The fluidity of the powders was evaluated using the Carr index and Hausner ratio. The moisture ranged from 2.33% to 2.76%, the powder containing albumin having the lowest moisture content (p < 0.05). A difference (p < 0.05) was seen in the colour parameters of the samples, except for luminosity in the samples containing maltodextrin or albumin. The level of phenolic compounds ranged from 183.22 to 386.90 mg GAE/100 g of solids, with the sample containing albumin again showing the lowest value (p < 0.05). The hygroscopicity of the powders ranged from 6.22% to 6.92%, the densities ranged from 287.9 to 433.1 kg/m3, and the wall friction angle from 12.2° to 13.55°. The Carr index and Hausner ratio varied from 23.21% to 25.80% and 1.30 to 1.34, respectively. The bacuri pulp powder was classified as having acceptable fluidity regardless of the adjuvant; however, the adjuvants had an effect on particle morphology and on the composition of the powder.
MalE is a maltose/maltodextrin‐binding protein (MBP) that plays a critical role in most bacterial maltose/maltodextrin‐transport systems. Previously reported wild‐type MBPs are monomers comprising an ...N‐terminal domain (NTD) and a C‐terminal domain (CTD), and maltose‐like molecules are recognized between the NTD and CTD and transported to the cell system. Because MBP does not undergo artificial dimerization, it is widely used as a tag for protein expression and purification. Here, the crystal structure of a domain‐swapped dimeric MalE from Salmonella enterica (named SeMalE) in complex with maltopentaose is reported for the first time, and its structure is distinct from typical monomeric MalE family members. In the domain‐swapped dimer, SeMalE comprises two subdomains: the NTD and CTD. The NTD and CTD of one molecule of SeMalE interact with the CTD and NTD of the partner molecule, respectively. The domain‐swapped dimeric conformation was stabilized by interactions between the NTDs, CTDs and linkers from two SeMalE molecules. Additionally, a maltopentaose molecule was found to be located at the interface between the NTD and CTD of different SeMalE molecules. These results provide new insights that will improve the understanding of maltodextrin‐binding MalE proteins.
Based on crystal structures of MalE from Salmonella enterica bound to maltopentaose, domain‐swapped dimeric conformations are discussed.
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•Debittering, extrusion, and spray-drying effects on lupin antioxidants were tested.•Free phenolics and bound phenolic acids decreased after debittering.•Extrusion marginally ...increased phenolics and slightly decreased carotenoids.•Spray-drying reduced tocopherols (30.0%), carotenoids (35.4%) and phenolics (48.4%).•Debittered, extruded, spray-dried flours contained 1033, 1179, 531 mg/kg phenolics.
Andean lupin (L. mutabilis) seeds, appreciated for their high protein and unsaturated lipid content, must undergo water debittering to eliminate alkaloids. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of debittering and further technological treatments such as extrusion and spray-drying (with two different coating agents, gum Arabic and maltodextrin, at 6% w/w) on the antioxidants of three Andean lupin ecotypes. Tocopherols (mainly γ-tocopherol) and free phenolics (flavonoids, phenylethanoids, phenolic acids) were abundant in bitter seeds, while carotenoids were scarce. After debittering, the content of tocopherols and bound flavonoids slightly increased, carotenoids were unchanged but free phenolics and bound phenolic acids decreased by 76.2% and 50.1%. Compared to debittered samples, the extrusion did not modify tocopherols, slightly increased phenolics and marginally reduced (14.5%) carotenoids. Spray-drying diminished tocopherols, carotenoids and phenolics (30.0%, 35.4% and 48.4%), mainly because of processing conditions; the coating agent dilution effect was minimal. No differences between coating agents were observed. Nevertheless, in debittered, extruded and spray-dried flours the total tocopherol (319, 318, 211 mg/kg DM) and phenolic (1033, 1179, 531 mg/kg DM) contents were still high. In all flours, free phenolics represented the majority of total phenolics (79.8%–95.6%). Processed flours of L. mutabilis present valuable levels of antioxidant compounds.
Glycogen is important for transmission of
V. vulnificus
undergoing disparate environments of nutrient-rich host and nutrient-limited marine environment. The
mal
Z gene of
V. vulnificus
encoding a ...maltodextrin glucosidase was cloned and over-expressed in
E. coli
to investigate its roles in glycogen/maltodextrin metabolism in the pathogen. The
mal
Z gene encoded a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 70 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature of MalZ was 7.0 and 37 °C, respectively. MalZ hydrolyzed maltodextrin to glucose and maltose most efficiently, while hydrolyzed other substrates such as starch, maltose,
β
-cyclomaltodextrin, and glycogen less efficiently. The activity was enhanced greatly by Mn
2+
. It also exhibited transglycosylation activity toward excessive maltotriose. The
mal
Z knock-out mutant accumulated 2.3–5.6-fold less glycogen than the wild type when excessive maltodextrin or glucose was added to LB medium, while it accumulated more glycogen than the wild type (3.5-fold) in the presence of excessive maltose. Growth and glycogen accumulation of the mutant were retarded most significantly in the M63 minimal medium supplemented with 0.5% maltodextrin. Side chain length distributions of glycogen molecules were varied by the
mal
Z mutation and types of the excessive carbon source. Based on the results, MalZ of
V. vulnificus
was likely to be involved in maltose/maltodextrin metabolism, thereby balancing synthesis of glycogen and energy generation in the cell. The bacterium seemed to have multiple and unique pathways for glycogen metabolism according to carbon sources.
Maltodextrin (MD) is a partially hydrolyzed product of starch that can be used to encapsulate food, medicine, essential oil and other substances. MD-based microcapsules can enhance the color, aroma, ...and taste of products, improve the solubility and stability of core materials, and slowly release the core materials for a long time to achieve certain specific uses. Therefore, the development of MD-based microcapsules is a key research field in food, pharmaceutics, cosmetics and other industries. In this paper, the progress of MD microcapsules and their applications in recent ten years is reviewed. First, the main characteristics of MD microcapsules are briefly introduced. Then, the preparation process, influencing factors, physical and chemical properties, stability, release mechanism and application in various fields of MD microcapsules are introduced in detail. This review is intended to provide reference on the properties of MD for researchers who desire to prepare microcapsules.
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Background: Hyperglycemia and inflammatory conditions due to surgical stress response in conventional brain tumor resection can increase the morbidity and mortality of neurosurgery patients. Enhanced ...recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol has been widely used in various types of surgery, but data on the neurosurgery are still limited. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of preoperative oral glucose administration in attenuating surgical stress response in patients undergoing brain tumor resection. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four elective craniotomy brain tumor resection patients underwent a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Patients were divided into two groups: one group that received oral carbohydrate (CHO; maltodextrin 12.5% 50 g in 400 ml water) 2 h preoperatively and a control group that only received water. Blood glucose level and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were obtained preoperatively, before induction, and 6 h and 24 h postoperatively. Results: Blood glucose was better in the CHO group at 6 h (117.18 ± 16.25 mg/dl vs. 154.88 ± 28.22 mg/dl, P < .001) and 24 h (118.05 ± 13.89 mg/dl vs. 153.76 ± 34.81 mg/dl, P < .001) postoperatively compared to that in the control group. NLR in the CHO group showed a lower value compared to that in the control group at 6 h (8.21 ± 6.20 vs. 15.47 ± 6.76, P < .001) and 24 h (9.43 ± 7.35 vs. 20.04 ± 10.99, P < .001) postoperatively. Conclusion: Preoperative oral glucose administration can help reduce the stress response in brain tumor resection by maintaining blood glucose level and attenuating the increase of NLR postoperatively better than in routine preoperative fasting.
Encapsulation of probiotics using food grade polymers as wall material can be a good alternative for the development of any probiotic food. The current study details about the effect of processing ...conditions on physico-chemical and flow properties of microencapsulated probiotic powder by spray drying. Maltodextrin and gum Arabic (GA) are used as wall material where 20% MD is kept constant. Varied concentration of GA (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%) with respect to total solid content and inlet air temperature (130, 140 and 150 °C) was chosen as independent variables to produce the spray dried probiotic powder. The moisture content, water activity, and encapsulation efficiency of probiotic powder was in the range of 4.59–9.05% (w.b.), 0.52 to 0.33, and 65–89.15%, respectively. The loose bulk density, tapped density, true density, porosity and color L∗ ranged from 0.47 to 0.53 g/cm3, 0.56–0.68 g/cm3, 0.6–1.06 g/cm3 0.17–0.55, and 91.35–95.68, respectively. The handling properties i.e., flowability was “possible” and “fair” according to Hausner ratio and Carr's index values.
•Concentration of Gum Arabic affected the probiotic encapsulation efficiency.•Encapsulated powder was within the range of safe moisture content.•Microcapsules had shown possible and fair flowability.•Formation of continuous smooth walled spherical microcapsules by increasing the GA%.
Due to the scarcity of water and the growing industrialization, pharmaceutical wastewater treatment is of particular importance. For this reason, it is necessary to achieve an efficient method to ...eliminate all types of pharmaceutical pollutants. Herein, synthetic nano-composite is proposed to take a step towards improving the operation of removing pharmaceutical contaminants from the environment and aquatic and industrial effluents. Binary (maltodextrin/reconstituted graphene nanocomposite) and ternary (maltodextrin/reconstituted graphene nanocomposite/copper oxide) nanocomposites were prepared and characterized using, FT-IR, FESEM-EDS, TEM, DLS, and XRD. The nanocomposites were used to eliminate diclofenac and amoxicillin as Pharmaceuticals. The removal of amoxicillin at a concentration of 30 mg/L with an adsorbent dose of 0.05 g and a pH of 7.4 and an optimal temperature of 20 °C in 10 min has the highest removal rate of 86%. In addition, diclofenac with nano-adsorbents prepared under optimal conditions, including an initial concentration of 20 mg/L, adsorbent dose of 0.05 g, adsorption time of 7 min, a temperature of 20 °C and a pH of 7, has the highest removal efficiency of 94%. The results indicated that the prepared nanocomposites are alternative adsorbents to remove Pharmaceuticals from water.
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•Synthetic nanocomposites were synthesized to be applied in removal of pharmaceutical pollutants.•The removal of amoxicillin was determined as to be 86%.•The diclofenac removal efficiency of nano-adsorbents was achieved as 94%.
Microgels of maltodextrin (MDex) as poly(maltodextrin) (p(MDex)) were prepared by reverse-micelle crosslinking technique at various crosslinking ratios, 25, 50, and 100% based on the repeating unit ...of MDex using divinylsulfone (DVS) as crosslinker and were designated as p(MDex)-1, p(MDex)-2, and p(MDex)-3 respectively. The prepared p(MDex) microgels were blood compatible with <2% hemolysis and > 80%blood clotting index values at 1.0 mg/mL concentration. Also, p(MDex) microgels were found as biocompatible with >90% cell viability against L929 fibroblast cells at 1.0 mg/mL concentrations. Furthermore, p(MDex)-3 microgels were modified with ethylenediamine (EDA) and pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) to generate new amine groups on microgels surface to obtain p(MDex)-EDA and p(MDex)-PEHA, respectively to render new surface functionality and features. The drug delivery potentials of p(MDex)-3, p(MDex)-EDA, and p(MDex)-PEHA microgels were tested employing amoxicillin (Amox) for loading and release studies at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. Higher drug loading amount, loading content%, and encapsulation efficiency% values were attained for p(MDex)-PEHA microgels with 112.5 ± 9.9 mg/g, 12.8 ± 1.1%, and 63.4 ± 4.1%, respectively. The Amox-loaded p(MDex)-3, p(MDex)-EDA, and p(MDex)-PEHA microgels released 90.8 ± 0.9, 86.2 ± 10.8, and 87.2 ± 9.6% of the loaded Amox at pH 7.4 PBS in 125 h. Controlled and extended drug delivery system at the therapeutic window is of paramount significance in treatment of various diseases. P(MDex)-PEHA microgels revealed almost a linear Amox release profile for up to 28 h. The Amox release from the p(MDex) microgels was fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with n values <0.5.
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•P(maltodextrin) (p(MDex)) microgels with tunable sizes in a single step preparation.•P(MDex) microgels possess tunable surface properties via chemical modification.•Nontoxic p(MDex) can be utilized as promising drug delivery system.•Blood compatible p(MDex) microgels can ve employed for in vivo application.
