The Lower Limb Assessment Score (LLAS) has only been validated in a paediatric population. The aim of this study was to validate the use of the LLAS in an adult population by: i) evaluating its ...ability to discriminate between different extents of lower limb hypermobility, ii) establishing a cut-off score to identify lower limb hypermobility, and iii) determining if the LLAS is able to identify Generalised Joint Hypermobility (GJH).
Participants were recruited across three groups representing varying degrees of hypermobility. They were assessed using the LLAS, Beighton score and clinical opinion. Pearson's correlation coefficient and MANOVA were used to assess between-group differences in the LLAS. The cut-off score was determined using median and inter-quartile ranges and the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve. The ability of the LLAS to identify GJH was assessed using percent agreement with clinical opinion.
One hundred twelve participants aged 18-40 years were recruited. The LLAS distinguished the control from the likely hypermobile and known hypermobile cohorts (both p < 0.001), as well as the likely hypermobile from the known hypermobile cohort (p = 0.003). The LLAS cut-off score for identifying lower limb hypermobility was ≥7/12 with a specificity of 86% and sensitivity of 68%. The LLAS accurately identified those with GJH with high percentage agreement compared to clinical opinion across all cohorts (69-98%).
The LLAS is a valid tool for identifying lower limb specific hypermobility and GJH in adults at a cut-off score of ≥7/12. It demonstrates excellent specificity and moderate sensitivity, and discriminates well between extents of hypermobility.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Helical probe tests (HPT) are a quick and economical means for manual field testing of soils to depths of 1.5 m with readings taken at 0.15-m intervals in only 10 min. The equipment is lightweight ...(only 2 kg) and thus amenable to deploy on initial site reconnaissance explorations, shallow pavement projects, earth retention walls, and/or compaction of fills. Although suitable for use in a variety of geomaterials: sands, silts, clays, and mixed soils, the specific application to residual fine sandy silts and silty fine sands of the Appalachian Piedmont and Blue Ridge geologic provinces is shown here. Existing relationships for converting the measured HPT torque reading to equivalent cone penetration testing (CPT) tip resistances are reviewed, as well as other trends.
Background: Test smells indicate potential problems in the design and implementation of automated software tests that may negatively impact test code maintainability, coverage, and reliability. When ...poorly described, manual tests written in natural language may suffer from related problems, which enable their analysis from the point of view of test smells. Despite the possible prejudice to manually tested software products, little is known about test smells in manual tests, which results in many open questions regarding their types, frequency, and harm to tests written in natural language. Aims: Therefore, this study aims to contribute to a catalog of test smells for manual tests. Method: We perform a two-fold empirical strategy. First, an exploratory study in manual tests of three systems: the Ubuntu Operational System, the Brazilian Electronic Voting Machine, and the User Interface of a large smartphone manufacturer. We use our findings to propose a catalog of eight test smells and identification rules based on syntactical and morphological text analysis, validating our catalog with 24 in-company test engineers. Second, using our proposals, we create a tool based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) to analyze the subject systems' tests, validating the results. Results: We observed the occurrence of eight test smells. A survey of 24 in-company test professionals showed that 80.7% agreed with our catalog definitions and examples. Our NLP-based tool achieved a precision of 92%, recall of 95%, and f-measure of 93.5%, and its execution evidenced 13,169 occurrences of our cataloged test smells in the analyzed systems. Conclusion: We contribute with a catalog of natural language test smells and novel detection strategies that better explore the capabilities of current NLP mechanisms with promising results and reduced effort to analyze tests written in different idioms.
Despite the severity of ankle syndesmosis injuries, it has been argued that they are relatively poorly detected. This study investigated the interrater reliability of four orthopaedic tests for ankle ...syndesmosis injury and assessed their ability to predict the extended recovery times that have been reported as a consequence of this injury. Nine physiotherapists, working in random pairings, examined 53 subjects, all receiving treatment for ankle injury at two private clinics. Each subject was tested by two physiotherapists who independently performed the palpation test, external rotation test, squeeze test, and dorsiflexion-compression test. Kappa coefficient testing indicated that the external rotation test had the best interrater reliability (kappa = 0.75). The squeeze test was found to have moderate reliability (kappa = 0.50), and the palpation and dorsiflexion-compression tests both had only fair reliability (kappa = 0.36). The degree of pair-wise association between the results of the four tests was low (phi < or = 0.30 for all test combinations), suggesting that if all four tests were performed on the same subject, it was not likely that they would achieve similar results. Follow-up interviews were conducted to determine the time taken for subjects to walk 10 m without pain and, for sports injuries, the time taken to return to training and then to competition. For each test, Mann-Whitney U values showed no significant difference between the recovery times of subjects with positive or negative test results, although subjects with recovery times markedly longer than normal were detected by three of the four tests. When an either/or combination of the external rotation and dorsiflexion-compression tests was considered, subjects with a positive test result took significantly longer to return to playing sports.
Exploratory testing of apps with opportunity maps Copche, Rubens; Souza, Mariana; Villanes, Isabel Karina ...
Proceedings of the XX Brazilian Symposium on Software Quality,
11/2021
Conference Proceeding
Exploratory Testing (ET) is a well-known technique to perform manual tests. Its main goal is to foster creativity and freedom, while the tester learns, designs and executes tests continuously in a ...time-boxed session. Popular among agile teams, ET is particularly interesting for software systems with highly-mutable features like mobile apps. Previous results have evinced that testers may fail to verify well-known features of mobile apps, while performing unguided manual testing. This paper investigates an intervention to exploratory tests in which opportunity maps are adopted as a mean to improve the manual testing of mobile apps. Included as a supporting artifact during the test sessions, opportunity maps are mind maps with questions targeting features of apps that are known to be error-prone. To assess the usage of opportunity maps in ET, we conducted a study with 22 participants and compared the proposed approach with a traditional session-based approach. Our results indicated that the number of detected bugs was similar in both approaches, different bugs were revealed by each approach, and opportunity maps tend to guide the detection of specific bugs. Among the participants, we found that practitioners uncovered more bugs than students.
On the Exploratory Testing of Mobile Apps Souza, Mariana; Villanes, Isabel K.; Dias-Neto, Arilo Claudio ...
Proceedings of the IV Brazilian Symposium on Systematic and Automated Software Testing,
09/2019
Conference Proceeding
While the literature acknowledges that mobile apps present different testing challenges and automated solutions have been pursued, it lacks a better understanding of how pervasive practices of manual ...testing (namely Exploratory Testing - ET) can be more effectively applied. This paper aims to investigate the use of ET in mobile apps. With this study, we intend to have a better understanding of how exploratory testing is employed, its effectiveness, and its usage in an ample and diverse range of apps. To do so, we conducted two studies. The first study was conducted for the purpose of applying ET to apps with diverse contexts and available on Google Play in order to analyze whether testers actually explore all possible scenarios that apps may display. The second study, also applied the ET, however in two apps that were developed by a software development company; this study has the objective of applying the ET in order to identify bugs of different levels, that often cannot be revealed using other techniques. As expected the first study revealed that there are several test scenarios that are not exploited by the testers, yet the 40 participants revealed on average 5 bugs in 1.5h of test sessions. The second study revealed 64 bugs and 21 issues in two apps. Such revealed bugs are of different criticality and category. ET has shown to be a promising technique to uncover bugs, though test professionals can be better guided to explore their apps and search for bugs in scenarios related to mobile specific events.
Testing is nowadays one of the most important part of product development lifecycle. The goal of this publication is to provide brief description of embedded software testing in research environment. ...It is divided into several parts and addresses the problem of testing embedded devices not only from the source code perspective, but it also takes into consideration testing the complete system behavior. The first part of the article focuses on comparison between automatic and manual tests, trying to decide when automated tests are useful and when useless or at least not cost effective. The paper describes mainly testing industrial automation devices and some methodologies dedicated for testing this type of devices. A significant part of the paper is related to unit testing and certification tests of device's safety critical functions. Applicability of Test Driven Development is considered. In succeeding parts, functional tests, testing support tools and test documentation are described. An important step is automatic test report generation including coverage estimation methods. The last part is related to integration tests which often require building large testing infrastructure that consist of certified equipment and dedicated testing environment.
Malaria adalah penyakit infeksi akut maupun kronis yang disebabkan oleh Plasmodiummalariae dengan gejala klinis demam rekuren, anemia, dan hepatosplenomegali. DiIndonesia sampai saat ini penyakit ...malaria masih merupakan masalah kesehatanmasyarakat. Diagnosis pada malaria dapat dilakukan dengan uji mikroskopis dan nonmikroskopis. Rapid manual test termasuk uji non mikroskopis. Uji ini merupakan ujicepat, mudah dan tidak memerlukan laboratorium khusus. Rapid manual test dapat dibagi berdasarkan, Histidine Rich Protein-II (HRP-II) contoh kitnya ParaSight®,Paracheck,® ICT®. Juga berdasarkan parasite lactate dehydrogenese (pLDH) contoh kitnyaoptiMAL®. Kit-kit ini sudah diteliti di beberapa negara dengan hasil sensitivitas darispesifisitas rata-rata di atas 90%.
Background:
The Lachman and pivot-shift tests have been widely used for detecting anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency. However, it still remains unclear whether these manual tests can be ...quantified accurately while patients are awake.
Purpose:
To assess the differences in knee kinematics of awake and anesthetized patients.
Study Design:
Case series; Level of evidence, 4.
Methods:
A total of 50 patients with unilateral ACL rupture were examined. Anteroposterior tibial translation was assessed using a KT-1000 arthrometer at maximal manual power. Anterior tibial translations during the manual Lachman test and the acceleration of tibial posterior translation (APT) during the pivot-shift test were also measured using an electromagnetic measurement system (EMS). All 3 measurements were performed on the day previous to surgery while the patients were awake and on the operative day before the surgery while the patients were under general anesthesia.
Results:
The mean side-to-side difference in anteroposterior tibial translation was 5.6 ± 2.6 mm in the awake state and 5.9 ± 3.5 mm under anesthesia, indicating a nonsignificant difference. According to the EMS, the mean side-to-side difference in anteroposterior tibial translation during the Lachman test was 4.6 ± 3.6 mm in the awake state and 6.9 ± 4.3 mm under anesthesia, indicating a significant difference (P < .01). The mean APT during the pivot-shift test was −0.8 ± 0.3 m/s2 in intact knees and −1.1 ± 0.4 m/s2 in ACL-deficient knees when the patients were awake and was −0.7 ± 0.2 m/s2 and −1.7 ± 1.0 m/s2, respectively, when the patients were under anesthesia. In ACL-deficient knees, the APT pivot-shift test result was significantly higher when the patients were under anesthesia than when they were awake (P < .01).
Conclusion:
In ACL-deficient knees, the knee kinematics during the Lachman and pivot-shift tests is significantly affected by patient consciousness, and caution is needed in quantifying anterior knee laxity during these tests when the patients are awake.
to evaluate the performance of Vitek2 compact machine (Biomerieux Inc. ver 04.02, France) in reference to manual methods for susceptibility test for Candida resistance among HIV/AIDS patients.
a ...comparison study to evaluate Vitek2 compact machine (Biomerieux Inc. ver 04.02, France) in reference to manual methods for susceptibility test for Candida resistance among HIV/AIDS patient was done. Categorical agreement between manual disc diffusion and Vitek2 machine was calculated using predefined criteria. Time to susceptibility result for automated and manual methods were measured.
there were 137 Candida isolates comprising eight Candida species with C.albicans and C. glabrata as the first (56.2%) and second (15.3%) most common species, respectively. For fluconazole drug, among the C. albicans, 2.6% was found resistant on manual disc diffusion methods and no resistant was determined by Vitek2 machine; whereas 100% C. krusei was identified as resistant on both methods. Resistant patterns for C. glabrata to fluconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B were 52.4%, 23.8%, 23.8% vs. 9.5%, 9.5%, 4.8% respectively between manual diffusion disc methods and Vitek2 machine. Time to susceptibility result for automated methods compared to Vitex2 machine was shorter for all Candida species.
there is a good categorical agreement between manual disc diffusion and Vitek2 machine, except for C. glabrata for measuring the antifungal resistant. Time to susceptibility result for automated methods is shorter for all Candida species.
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