•Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a global health threat.•Older adults form a vulnerable section both to the physiological risks of infection as well as to the psychosocial ...offshoots of distancing and lockdown.•Loneliness, isolation, abuse, loss of autonomy, and restriction of health care access can accentuate their frailty and comorbidities.•The authors propose marginalization as the probable common pathway for human rights deprivation of older adults during the pandemic.•Measures of mitigating these effects enabling Healthy Aging are discussed.
The world has endured over six months of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Older adults are at disproportionate risk of severe infection and mortality. They are also vulnerable to loneliness and social exclusion during the pandemic. Age and ageism both can act as significant risk factors during this pandemic, increasing the physical as well as psychosocial burden on the elderly. A review was performed in relation to the psychosocial vulnerabilities of the older adults during the pandemic, with insights from the similar biological disasters in the past. Besides the physiological risk, morbidities, polypharmacy and increased case fatality rates, various social factors like lack of security, loneliness, isolation, ageism, sexism, dependency, stigma, abuse and restriction to health care access were identified as crucial in pandemic situation. Frailty, cognitive and sensory impairments added to the burden. Marginalization and human rights deprivation emerged as a common pathway of suffering for the elderly during COVID-19. The implications of the emergent themes are discussed in light of psychosocial wellbeing and impact on the quality of life. The authors suggest potential recommendations to mitigate this marginalization on lines of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s concept of Healthy Ageing and the United Nations (U.N.) Sustainable Development Goals.
Background Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become the standard of care for severe aortic stenosis treatment. Exponential growth in demand has led to prolonged wait times and adverse ...patient outcomes. Social marginalization may contribute to adverse outcomes. Our objective was to examine the association between different measures of neighborhood‐level marginalization and patient outcomes while on the TAVR waiting list. A secondary objective was to understand if sex modifies this relationship. Methods and Results We conducted a population‐based retrospective cohort study of 11 077 patients in Ontario, Canada, referred to TAVR from April 1, 2018, to March 31, 2022. Primary outcomes were death or hospitalization while on the TAVR wait‐list. Using cause‐specific Cox proportional hazards models, we evaluated the relationship between neighborhood‐level measures of dependency, residential instability, material deprivation, and ethnic and racial concentration with primary outcomes as well as the interaction with sex. After multivariable adjustment, we found a significant relationship between individuals living in the most ethnically and racially concentrated areas (quintile 4 and 5) and mortality (hazard ratio HR, 0.64 95% CI, 0.47–0.88 and HR, 0.73 95% CI, 0.53–1.00, respectively). There was no significant association between material deprivation, dependency, or residential instability with mortality. Women in the highest ethnic or racial concentration quintiles (4 and 5) had significantly lower risks for mortality (HR values of 0.52 and 0.56, respectively) compared with quintile 1. Conclusions Higher neighborhood ethnic or racial concentration was associated with decreased risk for mortality, particular for women on the TAVR waiting list. Further research is needed to understand the drivers of this relationship.
Against the backdrop of Ferguson and the Black Lives Matter movement, we ask what the American politics subfield has to say about the political lives of communities subjugated by race and class. We ...argue that mainstream research in this subfield-framed by images of representative democracy and Marshallian citizenship-has provided a rich portrait of what such communities lack in political life. Indeed, by focusing so effectively on their political marginalization, political scientists have ironically made such communities marginal to the subfield's account of American democracy and citizenship. In this article, we provide a corrective by focusing on what is
present
in the political lives of such communities. To redress the current imbalance and advance the understandings of race and class in American politics, we argue that studies of the liberal-democratic "first face" of the state must be complemented by greater attention to the state's more controlling "second face." Focusing on policing, we seek to unsettle the mainstream of a subfield that rarely inquires into governmental practices of social control and the ways "race-class subjugated communities" are governed through coercion, containment, repression, surveillance, regulation, predation, discipline, and violence.
It was not until the 20th century that disability studies were initialized in the West with some of the seminal works of scholars like Michel Foucault and Erving Goffman. The disability studies ...essentially gave a voice to those people who were denied social justice, and it was not only considered as a medical problem anymore; rather it was a major social issue. Apart from some of the major classics, if one can take a look inside the pop culture texts, then J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series would present before us an array of such issues concerning marginalized disabled people. In this paper, we would like to show the unfortunate treatment of such ‘disabled’ people in the magical world of Hogwarts, keeping in parallel view the sorrowful situation of our real world as well, based on the theoretical grounds laid down by Foucault and Goffman. Also, we intend to shed some light on the identity formation of the disabled group, which is directly linked with gender, race, and class. It is also our intention to reflect on the fact that disability is something which is not to be “fixed” but rather embraced and normalized, to achieve an egalitarian society.
Implicit and explicit barriers to building a culture of belonging persist in U.S. forensic anthropology. These barriers create and exacerbate vulnerabilities, especially among marginalized groups, ...that need to be addressed. The lack of diversity in U.S. forensic anthropology is well documented. At the same time, there has been a significant upswing in academic programs focusing on forensic anthropology at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. However, to be successful and promote retention, these programs must address the pervasive structural barriers that continue to impede diversity. Major impediments include the hierarchical structure, illusion of objectivity, racial and cis-gender-biased methodologies, and belonging uncertainty. At all levels, peer engagement and active, constructive mentorship may both semantically and structurally allow for a bridge between the past and the future. Pedagogy and professional practices in forensic anthropology must be modernized and restructured to promote learning environments that foster belonging and engagement.
Little is known about people who experience multiple types of discrimination (e.g., racism and heterosexism). While some work suggests that multiply discriminated groups are at higher risk for poor ...mental health, other studies propose that they may develop resilience against additional kinds of discrimination. We conducted a review of published studies on the relationship between multiple types of discrimination and mental health to critically examine evidence in support of broad risk and resilience models. Using PRISMA guidelines, we identified 40 studies that met our inclusion criteria. Typically, studies examined either whether experiencing multiple discrimination was related to poorer mental health, or whether one kind of discrimination was more predictive of poor mental health. Studies generally showed support for the risk model, with multiple forms of discrimination associated with higher risk for depression symptoms. Furthermore, both racism and heterosexism uniquely predicted symptoms of depression, although initial evidence suggested that only heterosexism predicted suicidality among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) racial/ethnic minorities. Findings on multiple discrimination and other mental health problems (e.g., anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD, distress, and substance use) were mixed. The current evidence suggests that multiply discriminated groups exhibit higher risk for some mental health problems, particularly depression symptoms. However, methodological problems abound in this literature (e.g., correspondence between study sample and types of discrimination assessed), which limits our ability to draw clear conclusions about multiple discrimination. We propose that to further our understanding of how multiple kinds of discrimination may affect mental health, studies must remedy these and other issues.
Public Policy Relevance Statement
Discrimination is related to poorer mental health. Experiencing multiple kinds of discrimination (e.g., racism and heterosexism) may further increase people's chances of developing depression symptoms. Experiencing racism and heterosexism both uniquely contribute to depression risk among racially/ethnically diverse sexual and gender minorities. Although only a few studies examined suicide risk, some initial evidence indicates that experiencing heterosexism, above and beyond racism, may explain suicidal risk among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) racial/ethnic minorities.
This paper offers a market-compatible perspective of the emancipatory entrepreneurship of marginalized groups. We identify two dimensions of market-emancipation compatibility that derive from ...tensions inherent in the emancipatory entrepreneurship of marginalized groups. Ends-compatibility reflects the misalignment of emancipatory outcomes with market outcomes. Means-compatibility reflects the constraint entrepreneurs from marginalized groups encounter in market structures. We engage with these tensions in the context of the businesses, processes, and products that emerge from the entrepreneurship of marginalized groups. We use these tensions to derive propositions that speak to the likelihood emancipatory opportunities develop and that these opportunities are exploited by marginalized groups. With these propositions, we contribute to debates about entrepreneurship's overall emancipatory capacity. Specifically, we contribute a conceptual space in which the market forces that structure entrepreneurial activity and the material realities of venturing from marginalized social positions are incorporated into theorizing and testing entrepreneurship's capacity to enable marginalized groups with respect to structural disadvantage.
•This paper offers a theory of market-compatible emancipatory entrepreneurship.•We identify two types of market-emancipation compatibility—ends-compatibility and means-compatibility.•We locate these compatibilities in the context of emancipatory businesses, processes, and products.•We offer propositions about when market-compatible emancipatory opportunities emerge and are exploited.•This paper is a complement to Rindova, Barry, and Ketchen's (2009) entrepreneuring-as-emancipation perspective.
The purpose of this study was to examine the inclusiveness of visually impaired youths' experiences in integrated physical education. An experiential qualitative research approach was utilized, and ...22 visually impaired youth (age 12-17 years) acted as participants. Data sources included one-on-one Zoom interviews, written responses to long-answer prompts, and reflexive interview notes. Data were analyzed using a reflexive thematic analysis approach, and three themes were constructed: (a) I'm not there, so how could I: The absent person; (b) I can't see, so I can't do it: The incapable person; and (c) It'd be nice to feel like everyone else: The "normal" person. Participants described that feelings of inclusion were unavailable to them and that feeling, and being viewed as, absent, incapable, and (not) "normal" highlighted this unavailability.
The study aimed at examining the involvement of marginalized Menja Society Children in primary schools of Bench Sheko Zone. The research utilized a case study design to explore how in-school and ...out-of-school factors affect the educational participation of Menja Society Children in the Bench Sheko Zone. Qualitative data were collected through interviews, observations, focus group discussions, and document analysis. The snowball sampling technique was used to select informants for the study. The study revealed that factors such as distance, low literacy rates, religious marginalization, economic challenges, limited peer interaction, lack of respect, and unfair treatment are the primary barriers preventing these children from participating in education. Additionally, cultural practices like pot making, agricultural work, and charcoal production also contribute to the marginalization of Menja Society Children. In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of addressing the complex and multi-faceted challenges that marginalized Menja Society Children have been facing in accessing education. The study emphasizes the importance of providing support and resources for Menja children, such as educational materials in their native language and culturally sensitive teachers. It also calls for a comprehensive and collaborative approach to address the educational challenges faced by marginalized Menja Society Children, prioritizing their needs and promoting inclusivity within schools and the wider community. The study recommends creating an inclusive and supportive environment for marginalized students within schools, prioritizing their educational needs, and developing appropriate solutions to ensure equal access to education. It also suggests ongoing awareness campaigns and efforts to promote inter-ethnic relations through various activities. Additionally, providing training for teachers and leaders in cultural diversity and inclusive teaching methods is crucial for establishing a more inclusive learning environment for all Menja children.
Urban ecosystems provide many crucial services to cities and their residents, particularly in adapting to the effects of climate change. Extensive research has been conducted in this field, covering ...various aspects of ecosystem services. However, little is known about issues related to the limited access to these ecosystem services, particularly among marginalized populations. This review systematically screened 3961 papers and synthesized findings from 98 papers to identify groups that are marginalized in terms of access to urban ecosystem services and provide policy measures to address the issue. We conducted an inductive content analysis and thematic analysis to review the literature comprehensively. Our findings revealed that marginalization is more prevalent in cultural ecosystem services (51 %) than in other ecosystem service types. The results also show that vulnerable populations, including minorities, low-income populations, physically challenged people, children/young people/students, older people, and migrants, are particularly marginalized. Among these groups, minorities (24 %) emerged as the most extensively studied category. Additionally, we identified a marginalized group labeled as 'generic,' consisting of individuals whose identities did not neatly fit within the previously defined groups or were mentioned across multiple groups simultaneously.The marginalization across all these groups stems from income disparities, cultural norms, racial and ethnic considerations, willingness to visit, age-related disparities, physical disabilities, and geographical location. Importantly, our study underscores the adverse effects of marginalization on these groups, leading to health disparities, lower quality of life, and reduced resilience to climate change. In light of these findings, we also spotlight policies from the literature such as inclusive urban planning, community engagement initiatives, and financial support aimed at ensuring more equitable access to urban ecosystem services.
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•We discuss how some groups are marginalized in access to ecosystem services.•Minorities, urban poor, and physically challenged people are key marginalized groups.•Cultural norms and racial and ethnic considerations have exacerbated marginalization.•Marginalization is more prevalent in cultural ecosystem services.•Community-based programs and knowledge-sharing initiatives can help address the issue.
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