A Decade Survey of Transfer Learning (2010-2020) Niu, Shuteng; Liu, Yongxin; Wang, Jian ...
IEEE transactions on artificial intelligence,
2020-Oct., 2020-10-00, Letnik:
1, Številka:
2
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Transfer learning (TL) has been successfully applied to many real-world problems that traditional machine learning (ML) cannot handle, such as image processing, speech recognition, and natural ...language processing (NLP). Commonly, TL tends to address three main problems of traditional machine learning: (1) insufficient labeled data, (2) incompatible computation power, and (3) distribution mismatch. In general, TL can be organized into four categories: transductive learning, inductive learning, unsupervised learning, and negative learning. Furthermore, each category can be organized into four learning types: learning on instances, learning on features, learning on parameters, and learning on relations. This article presents a comprehensive survey on TL. In addition, this article presents the state of the art, current trends, applications, and open challenges.
Knowledge graph (KG) embedding is to embed components of a KG including entities and relations into continuous vector spaces, so as to simplify the manipulation while preserving the inherent ...structure of the KG. It can benefit a variety of downstream tasks such as KG completion and relation extraction, and hence has quickly gained massive attention. In this article, we provide a systematic review of existing techniques, including not only the state-of-the-arts but also those with latest trends. Particularly, we make the review based on the type of information used in the embedding task. Techniques that conduct embedding using only facts observed in the KG are first introduced. We describe the overall framework, specific model design, typical training procedures, as well as pros and cons of such techniques. After that, we discuss techniques that further incorporate additional information besides facts. We focus specifically on the use of entity types, relation paths, textual descriptions, and logical rules. Finally, we briefly introduce how KG embedding can be applied to and benefit a wide variety of downstream tasks such as KG completion, relation extraction, question answering, and so forth.
Customer engagement in service Kumar, V.; Rajan, Bharath; Gupta, Shaphali ...
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,
01/2019, Letnik:
47, Številka:
1
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We develop a framework to facilitate customer engagement in service (CES) based on the service-dominant (S-D) logic. A novel feature of this framework is its applicability and relevance for firms ...operating both in developed and emerging markets. First, we conduct a qualitative study involving service managers from multinational companies (MNCs) across the developed and emerging markets to understand the practitioner viewpoints. By integrating the insights from the interviews and the relevant academic literature, this framework explores how interaction orientation and omnichannel model can be used to create positive service experience. We also identify the factors that moderate the service experience, and categorize them as follows: offering-related, value-related, enabler-related, and market-related. Further, we also propose that perceived variation in service experience moderates the influence of service experience on satisfaction and emotional attachment, which ultimately impacts customer engagement (CE). From these factors, we advance research propositions that discuss the creation of positive service experience. One of the study’s key contributions is that MNCs can focus their attention on the moderators to ensure consistency in positive service experience, in an effort to enhance CE.
The future of social media in marketing Appel, Gil; Grewal, Lauren; Hadi, Rhonda ...
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,
01/2020, Letnik:
48, Številka:
1
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Social media allows people to freely interact with others and offers multiple ways for marketers to reach and engage with consumers. Considering the numerous ways social media affects individuals and ...businesses alike, in this article, the authors focus on where they believe the future of social media lies when considering marketing-related topics and issues. Drawing on academic research, discussions with industry leaders, and popular discourse, the authors identify nine themes, organized by predicted imminence (i.e., the immediate, near, and far futures), that they believe will meaningfully shape the future of social media through three lenses: consumer, industry, and public policy. Within each theme, the authors describe the digital landscape, present and discuss their predictions, and identify relevant future research directions for academics and practitioners.
Driven by the proliferation of augmented reality (AR) technologies, many firms are pursuing a strategy of service augmentation to enhance customers’ online service experiences. Drawing on situated ...cognition theory, the authors show that AR-based service augmentation enhances customer value perceptions by simultaneously providing simulated physical control and environmental embedding. The resulting authentic situated experience, manifested in a feeling of spatial presence, functions as a mediator and also predicts customer decision comfort. Furthermore, the effect of spatial presence on utilitarian value perceptions is greater for customers who are disposed toward verbal rather than visual information processing, and the positive effect on decision comfort is attenuated by customers’ privacy concerns.
Understanding customer experience and the customer journey over time is critical for firms. Customers now interact with firms through myriad touch points in multiple channels and media, and customer ...experiences are more social in nature. These changes require firms to integrate multiple business functions, and even external partners, in creating and delivering positive customer experiences. In this article, the authors aim to develop a stronger understanding of customer experience and the customer journey in this era of increasingly complex customer behavior. To achieve this goal, they examine existing definitions and conceptualizations of customer experience as a construct and provide a historical perspective of the roots of customer experience within marketing. Next, they attempt to bring together what is currently known about customer experience, customer journeys, and customer experience management. Finally, they identify critical areas for future research on this important topic.
The Oracle Problem in Software Testing: A Survey Barr, Earl T.; Harman, Mark; McMinn, Phil ...
IEEE transactions on software engineering,
2015-May-1, 2015-5-1, 20150501, Letnik:
41, Številka:
5
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Testing involves examining the behaviour of a system in order to discover potential faults. Given an input for a system, the challenge of distinguishing the corresponding desired, correct behaviour ...from potentially incorrect behavior is called the "test oracle problem". Test oracle automation is important to remove a current bottleneck that inhibits greater overall test automation. Without test oracle automation, the human has to determine whether observed behaviour is correct. The literature on test oracles has introduced techniques for oracle automation, including modelling, specifications, contract-driven development and metamorphic testing. When none of these is completely adequate, the final source of test oracle information remains the human, who may be aware of informal specifications, expectations, norms and domain specific information that provide informal oracle guidance. All forms of test oracles, even the humble human, involve challenges of reducing cost and increasing benefit. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of current approaches to the test oracle problem and an analysis of trends in this important area of software testing research and practice.
Reactive defense mechanisms, such as intrusion detection systems, have made significant efforts to secure a system or network for the last several decades. However, the nature of reactive security ...mechanisms has limitations because potential attackers cannot be prevented in advance. We are facing a reality with the proliferation of persistent, advanced, intelligent attacks while defenders are often way behind attackers in taking appropriate actions to thwart potential attackers. The concept of moving target defense (MTD) has emerged as a proactive defense mechanism aiming to prevent attacks. In this work, we conducted a comprehensive, in-depth survey to discuss the following aspects of MTD: key roles, design principles, classifications, common attacks, key methodologies, important algorithms, metrics, evaluation methods, and application domains. We discuss the pros and cons of all aspects of MTD surveyed in this work. Lastly, we highlight insights and lessons learned from this study and suggest future work directions. The aim of this paper is to provide the overall trends of MTD research in terms of critical aspects of defense systems for researchers who seek to develop proactive, adaptive MTD mechanisms.
In today's market environment, corporate social responsibility (CSR) represents a high-profile notion that has strategic importance to many companies. By dedicating ever-increasing amounts to cash ...donations, in-kind contributions, cause marketing, and employee volunteerism programs, companies are acting on the premise that CSR is not merely the "right thing to do" but also "the smart thing to do." This research investigates the linkage between CSR and firm market value with a longitudinal, archival data set. Given that firms are not the same in their execution, support, and exploitation of CSR initiatives in the marketplace, the authors predict that companies may generate different (i.e., positive, nonsignificant, and negative) market returns from CSR under different conditions. Specifically, this article asks the following questions: (1) Under what conditions do CSR initiatives result in positive financial performance? and (2) Does customer satisfaction matter in the relationship between CSR and firm performance? The authors develop and test a conceptual model that proposes that CSR initiatives enable firms to build a base of satisfied customers, which in turn contributes positively to market value. Based on multiple secondary data sets (e.g., Fortune's "America's Most Admired Companies," the American Customer Satisfaction Index, Compustat) that include ratings of large companies and structural equation modeling methodologies, the results show support for the CSR customer satisfaction firm market value causal linkages. Specifically, the authors find that customer satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between CSR and market value. Furthermore, they establish the boundary conditions under which firms may derive positive or negative market value from CSR. Firms that have better inside-out corporate abilities (i.e., product quality and innovativeness) to begin with tend to generate more market value from outside-in strategic initiatives (i.e., CSR programs). Conversely, firms that exhibit poorer corporate abilities may find that CSR actually harms customer satisfaction and, because of the lowered satisfaction, decreases their stock performance. The finding that CSR contributes positively to market value suggests that managers can obtain competitive advantages and reap more financial benefits from investing in CSR. However, the data also reveal a previously neglected "dark side" of CSR. That is, CSR actually reduces customer satisfaction levels in firms with low innovativeness capability and, through this negative impact, harms firm market value. Thus, firms need to ensure that they are perceived as innovative and as makers of high-quality products before they undertake major CSR initiatives. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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