In recent years, Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC) have become an attractive technology for electronic components and substrates that are compact, light, and offer high-speed and functionality ...for portable electronic devices such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDA) and personal computers used for wireless voice and data communication in rapidly expanding mobile network systems. LTCC are especially suitable for the high frequency circuits required for high-speed data communications.
Materials Chemistry addresses inorganic-, organic-, and nano-based materials from a structure vs. property perspective. The second edition continues to offer innovative coverage and a practical ...approach throughout the text.
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were first developed in 2012, and have become the desirable choice as energy harvesters in the research community worldwide. The popularity of TENGs is attributed ...to their low weight, low cost, high output, wide range of materials and device designs. TENGs have been explored for many applications including sensing, implantable power sources, healthcare, and biomedical applications. The performance of TENGs depends largely on the material since charge density (σ) is a material property. Moreover, 2D materials have been investigated as an alternative to the conventional metal electrodes. The dominance of polymers and metals in the traditional triboelectric series has lead researchers to explore novel materials to extend the applications and improve TENG output. This review article summarizes the progress in the development of frictional layers and electrode materials for TENGs. The mechanism for the output enhancement and device applications are discussed in detail. Finally, a perspective on the future and relevant challenges in material development for TENGs are discussed.
The development of materials for active triboelectric layers, electrodes, and their applications are systematically reviewed. The review focusses on the materials beyond the conventional triboelectric series, dominated by the polymers and a few metals. This review also outlines the challenges and future perspectives on the development of materials for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG).
The complex tissue‐specific physiology that is orchestrated from the nano‐ to the macroscale, in conjugation with the dynamic biophysical/biochemical stimuli underlying biological processes, has ...inspired the design of sophisticated hydrogels and nanoparticle systems exhibiting stimuli‐responsive features. Recently, hydrogels and nanoparticles have been combined in advanced nanocomposite hybrid platforms expanding their range of biomedical applications. The ease and flexibility of attaining modular nanocomposite hydrogel constructs by selecting different classes of nanomaterials/hydrogels, or tuning nanoparticle‐hydrogel physicochemical interactions widely expands the range of attainable properties to levels beyond those of traditional platforms. This review showcases the intrinsic ability of hybrid constructs to react to external or internal/physiological stimuli in the scope of developing sophisticated and intelligent systems with application‐oriented features. Moreover, nanoparticle‐hydrogel platforms are overviewed in the context of encoding stimuli‐responsive cascades that recapitulate signaling interplays present in native biosystems. Collectively, recent breakthroughs in the design of stimuli‐responsive nanocomposite hydrogels improve their potential for operating as advanced systems in different biomedical applications that benefit from tailored single or multi‐responsiveness.
Stimuli‐responsive nanocomposite hydrogels represent leading biofunctional platforms due to their design flexibility and ability to operate as intelligent devices that intrinsically recognize and react to physiological or external stimuli inputs. This review delineates recent trends in their design and assembly and critically overviews flagship hybrids on their path to attain sophisticated self‐regulating activities or serving as remote‐controlled long‐term therapeutic modalities.
Soft matter systems and materials are moving toward adaptive and interactive behavior, which holds outstanding promise to make the next generation of intelligent soft materials systems inspired from ...the dynamics and behavior of living systems. But what is an adaptive material? What is an interactive material? How should classical responsiveness or smart materials be delineated? At present, the literature lacks a comprehensive discussion on these topics, which is however of profound importance in order to identify landmark advances, keep a correct and noninflating terminology, and most importantly educate young scientists going into this direction. By comparing different levels of complex behavior in biological systems, this Viewpoint strives to give some definition of the various different materials systems characteristics. In particular, the importance of thinking in the direction of training and learning materials, and metabolic or behavioral materials is highlighted, as well as communication and information‐processing systems. This Viewpoint aims to also serve as a switchboard to further connect the important fields of systems chemistry, synthetic biology, supramolecular chemistry and nano‐ and microfabrication/3D printing with advanced soft materials research. A convergence of these disciplines will be at the heart of empowering future adaptive and interactive materials systems with increasingly complex and emergent life‐like behavior.
This Viewpoint article describes the elementary concepts and principles to move from responsive materials to adaptive and interactive materials systems that are increasingly inspired from the behavior of living systems.
This open access book presents a comprehensive exploration of diffusion metamaterials that control energy and mass diffusion. Currently, if from the perspective of governing equations, diffusion ...metamaterials and wave metamaterials (pioneered by J. B. Pendry in the 1990s) are recognised as the two most prominent branches in the field of metamaterials. These two branches differ in their emphasis on the diffusion equation (as the governing equation) and time-dependent characteristic lengths in diffusion metamaterials, as opposed to the wave equation (as the governing equation) and time-independent characteristic lengths in wave metamaterials. Organized into three distinct parts – 'Thermal Diffusion Metamaterials', 'Particle Diffusion Metamaterials', and 'Plasma Diffusion Metamaterials' – this book offers a rigorous exploration spanning physics, engineering, and materials science, aimed at advancing our understanding of diffusion processes controlled by diffusion metamaterials. Incorporating foundational theory, computational simulations, and laboratory experiments, the book equips researchers and scholars across these disciplines with comprehensive methods, insights, and results pivotal to the advancement of diffusion control. Beyond facilitating interdisciplinary discourse, the book serves as a catalyst for innovative breakthroughs at the crossroads of physics, thermodynamics, and materials science. Essentially, readers will acquire profound insights that empower them to spearhead advancements in diffusion science (diffusionics) and the engineering of metamaterials.
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Porous biomaterials can be additively manufactured with micro-architecture tailored to satisfy the stringent mechano-biological requirements imposed by bone replacement implants. In a ...previous investigation, we introduced structurally porous biomaterials, featuring strength five times stronger than commercially available porous materials, and confirmed their bone ingrowth capability in an in vivo canine model. While encouraging, the manufactured biomaterials showed geometric mismatches between their internal porous architecture and that of its as-designed counterpart, as well as discrepancies between predicted and tested mechanical properties, issues not fully elucidated. In this work, we propose a systematic approach integrating computed tomography, mechanical testing, and statistical analysis of geometric imperfections to generate statistical based numerical models of high-strength additively manufactured porous biomaterials. The method is used to develop morphology and mechanical maps that illustrate the role played by pore size, porosity, strut thickness, and topology on the relations governing their elastic modulus and compressive yield strength. Overall, there are mismatches between the mechanical properties of ideal-geometry models and as-manufactured porous biomaterials with average errors of 49% and 41% respectively for compressive elastic modulus and yield strength. The proposed methodology gives more accurate predictions for the compressive stiffness and the compressive strength properties with a reduction of the average error to 11% and 7.6%. The implications of the results and the methodology here introduced are discussed in the relevant biomechanical and clinical context, with insight that highlights promises and limitations of additively manufactured porous biomaterials for load-bearing bone replacement implants.
In this work, we perform mechanical characterization of load-bearing porous biomaterials for bone replacement over their entire design space. Results capture the shift in geometry and mechanical properties between as-designed and as-manufactured biomaterials induced by additive manufacturing. Characterization of this shift is crucial to ensure appropriate manufacturing of bone replacement implants that enable biological fixation through bone ingrowth as well as mechanical property harmonization with the native bone tissue. In addition, we propose a method to include manufacturing imperfections in the numerical models that can reduce the discrepancy between predicted and tested properties. The results give insight into the use of structurally porous biomaterials for the design and additive fabrication of load-bearing implants for bone replacement.
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