Advancing Natural Language Processing in Educational Assessment examines the use of natural language technology in educational testing, measurement, and assessment. Recent developments in natural ...language processing (NLP) have enabled large-scale educational applications, though scholars and professionals may lack a shared understanding of the strengths and limitations of NLP in assessment as well as the challenges that testing organizations face in implementation. This first-of-its-kind book provides evidence-based practices for the use of NLP-based approaches to automated text and speech scoring, language proficiency assessment, technology-assisted item generation, gamification, learner feedback, and beyond. Spanning historical context, validity and fairness issues, emerging technologies, and implications for feedback and personalization, these chapters represent the most robust treatment yet about NLP for education measurement researchers, psychometricians, testing professionals, and policymakers.
Synchronized phasor measurements have become a mature technology with several international manufacturers offering commercial phasor measurement units (PMUs) which meet the prevailing industry ...standard for synchrophasors. With the occurrence of major blackouts in many power systems around the world, the value of data provided by PMUs has been recognized, and installation of PMUs on power transmission networks of most major power systems has become an important current activity. This paper provides a brief introduction to the PMU and wide-area measurement system (WAMS) technology and discusses the uses of these measurements for improved monitoring, protection, and control of power networks.
"Since test items are the building blocks of any test, learning how to develop and validate test items has always been critical to the teaching-learning process. As they grow in importance and use, ...testing programs increasingly supplement the use of selected-response (multiple-choice) items with constructed-response formats. This trend is expected to continue. As a result, a new item writing book is needed, one that provides comprehensive coverage of both types of items and of the validity theory underlying them. This book is an outgrowth of the author's previous book, Developing and Validating Multiple-Choice Test Items, 3e (Haladyna, 2004). That book achieved distinction as the leading source of guidance on creating and validating selected-response test items. Like its predecessor, the content of this new book is based on both an extensive review of the literature and on its author's long experience in the testing field. It is very timely in this era of burgeoning testing programs, especially when these items are delivered in a computer-based environment. Key features include: Comprehensive and Flexible--No other book so thoroughly covers the field of test item development and its various applications. Focus on Validity--Validity, the most important consideration in testing, is stressed throughout and is based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, currently under revision by AERA, APA, and NCMEIllustrative Examples--The book presents various selected and constructed response formats and uses many examples to illustrate correct and incorrect ways of writing items. Strategies for training item writers and developing large numbers of items using algorithms and other item-generating methods are also presented. Based on Theory and Research--A comprehensive review and synthesis of existing research runs throughout the book and complements the expertise of its authors"--
Vehicle self-positioning is of significant importance for intelligent transportation applications. However, accurate positioning (e.g., with lane-level accuracy) is very difficult to obtain due to ...the lack of measurements with high confidence, especially in an environment without full access to a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). In this paper, a novel information fusion algorithm based on a particle filter is proposed to achieve lane-level tracking accuracy under a GNSS-denied environment. We consider the use of both coarse-scale and fine-scale signal measurements for positioning. Time-of-arrival measurements using the radio frequency signals from known transmitters or roadside units, and acceleration or gyroscope measurements from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) allow us to form a coarse estimate of the vehicle position using an extended Kalman filter. Subsequently, fine-scale measurements, including lane-change detection, radar ranging from the known obstacles (e.g., guardrails), and information from a high-resolution digital map, are incorporated to refine the position estimates. A probabilistic model is introduced to characterize the lane changing behaviors, and a multi-hypothesis model is formulated for the radar range measurements to robustly weigh the particles and refine the tracking results. Moreover, a decision fusion mechanism is proposed to achieve a higher reliability in the lane-change detection as compared to each individual detector using IMU and visual (if available) information. The posterior Cramér-Rao lower bound is also derived to provide a theoretical performance guideline. The performance of the proposed tracking framework is verified by simulations and real measured IMU data in a four-lane highway.
Integrating Timing Considerations to Improve Testing Practices synthesizes a wealth of theory and research on time issues in assessment into actionable advice for test development, administration, ...and scoring. One of the major advantages of computer-based testing is the capability to passively record test-taking metadata—including how examinees use time and how time affects testing outcomes. This has opened many questions for testing administrators. Is there a trade-off between speed and accuracy in test taking? What considerations should influence equitable decisions about extended-time accommodations? How can test administrators use timing data to balance the costs and resulting validity of tests administered at commercial testing centers? In this comprehensive volume, experts in the field discuss the impact of timing considerations, constraints, and policies on valid score interpretations; administrative accommodations, test construction, and examinees’ experiences and behaviors; and how to implement the findings into practice. These 12 chapters provide invaluable resources for testing professionals to better understand the inextricable links between effective time allocation and the purposes of high-stakes testing.
Hand Bone Age Gilsanz, Vicente; Ratib, Osman
2005, 2007, 2004-11-30
eBook
For decades, the determination of bone maturity has relied on a visual evaluation of skeletal development in the hand and wrist, most commonly using the Greulich and Pyle atlas. The Gilsanz and Ratib ...digital atlas takes advantage of the advent of digital imaging and provides a more effective and objective approach to skeletal maturity assessment. This atlas integrates the key morphological features of ossification in the bones of the hand and wrist and provides idealized, sex- and age-specific images of skeletal development. This computer-generated set of images should serve as a reasonable alternative to the reference books currently available.
We present a portable Rydberg-atom-based radio frequency (RF) electric (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">E </tex-math></inline-formula>) field measurement instrument (Rydberg field ...measurement system or RFMS). The RFMS comprises an atomic RF field probe (RFP) connected by a ruggedized fiber-optic patch cord to a portable mainframe control unit. The unit includes a software interface providing self-calibrated SI-traceable RF measurement and analysis, including real-time field and measurement uncertainty readout and spectral RF waveform visualization. We characterize the RFP and measure polar field and polarization patterns along primary axes of the RFP at 12.6 GHz, obtained by rotations of the RFP in the far-field of a standard gain horn antenna. Field pattern measurements at 2.5 GHz are also presented. The measured field patterns are in good agreement with finite-element simulations of the RFP, establishing that the atom-based RF <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">E </tex-math></inline-formula>-field probe is well-suited for SI-traceable RF measurements over multiple bands. A one-time calibration procedure and an uncertainty analysis are introduced and implemented, as required for practical atomic probe designs to realize absolute-standard SI-traceable measurement capability. This includes uncertainty contributions from the atomic-spectroscopy measurement method and analysis and from the material, geometry, and hardware design. Simultaneous RF field and polarization measurements are demonstrated. RF waveform measurement is demonstrated using example pulsed and modulated RF signals.
This article presents an in-depth study of a new vector network analyzer (VNA)-based electromagnetic material measurement method relying on a commercially available material characterization kit ...(MCK). These MCKs provide effectively a guided free-space technique with less stringent requirement on alignment compared with conventional free-space techniques. Coupled with time gating, these MCKs employ a simple calibration, composed of reflect and thru standards only, prior to taking reflection and transmission S-parameter measurements. This MCK-based method complements other conventional measurement techniques, e.g., time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) and resonant cavity, allowing fast broadband dielectric material characterization over the millimeter- and submillimeter-wave frequency ranges. In this article, a WR-15 (50-75 GHz) MCK is utilized for the measurements of S-parameters for seven types of low-loss dielectric material. Their dielectric constant and loss tangent are extracted from S-parameters and are compared against literature values. A relatively good agreement is achieved. Moreover, an investigation into the uncertainties of the extracted dielectric constant and loss tangent is performed and reported.
Effective monitoring and management applications on modern distribution networks (DNs) require a sound network model and the knowledge of line parameters. Network line impedances are used, among ...other things, for state estimation and protection relay setting. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) give synchronized voltage and current phasor measurements, referred to a common time reference (coordinated universal time). All synchrophasor measurements can thus be temporally aligned and coordinated across the network. This feature, along with high accuracy and reporting rates, could make PMUs useful for the evaluation of network parameters. However, instrument transformer behavior strongly affects the parameter estimation accuracy. In this paper, a new PMU-based iterative line parameter estimation algorithm for DNs, which includes in the estimation model systematic measurement errors, is presented. This method exploits the simultaneous measurements given by PMUs on different nodes and branches of the network. A complete analysis of uncertainty sources is also performed, allowing the evaluation of estimation uncertainty. Issues related to operating conditions, topology, and measurement uncertainty are thoroughly discussed and referenced to a realistic model of a DN to show how a full network estimator is possible.
This paper presents a method for the use of synchronized measurements for complete observability of a power system. The placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs), utilizing time-synchronized ...measurements of voltage and current phasors, is studied in this paper. An integer quadratic programming approach is used to minimize the total number of PMUs required, and to maximize the measurement redundancy at the power system buses. Existing conventional measurements can also be accommodated in the proposed PMU placement method. Complete observability of the system is ensured under normal operating conditions as well as under the outage of a single transmission line or a single PMU. Simulation results on the IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, 57-bus, and 118-bus test systems as well as on a 298-bus test system are presented in this paper.
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