Display omitted .
► Usage of TiO2/AC for the treatment of the wastewater containing dyes and pigments. ► Adjusting experimental conditions for MO removal using TiO2/AC. ► Usage of solar energy as ...well as visible light in MO degradation. ► Reuse of TiO2/activated carbon after dye removal. ► Reuse of wastewater containing azo dyes in agriculture purposes.
The activated carbon loaded TiO2 photocatalyst was prepared and characterized by FT-IR, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photocatalytic efficiency of activated carbon loaded TiO2 was evaluated by photocatalytic oxidation of Methyl Orange (MO) dye in aqueous medium using visible and solar light. TiO2/AC exhibited higher photocatalytic oxidation efficiency of MO than that of naked TiO2. The various experimental parameters like initial dye concentration, amount of catalyst and solution pH for efficient dye degradation are investigated. Activity measurements performed under visible light and solar irradiation have shown good results for the photo degradation of MO in aqueous solution. The higher efficiency of TiO2/AC is due to synergy effect of activated carbon. Addition of high adsorption capacity activated carbon to photoactive titanium dioxide in photocatalytic degradation of dyes improves the efficiency of dye mineralization. The present catalysts show high adsorptivity and high photoactivity for the degradation of the MO dye and can be very easily separated from the solution by sedimentation or simple filtration and it can be used repeatedly for MO removal with preservation of its photoactivity.
Turkey is located at the Mediterranean at 36° and 42° N latitudes and has a typical Mediterranean climate. The solar energy potential is very high in Turkey. The yearly average solar radiation is 3.6 ...kW
h/m
2
day, and the total yearly radiation period is ∼2610 h. This study consists of two cases. Firstly, the main focus of this study is to put forward the solar energy potential in Turkey using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Secondly, in this study, the best approach was investigated for each station by using different learning algorithms and a logistic sigmoid transfer function in the neural network with developed software. In order to train the neural network, meteorological data for last three years (2000–2002) from 17 stations (Ankara, Samsun, Edirne, İstanbul-Göztepe, Van, İzmir, Denizli, Şanlıurfa, Mersin, Adana, Gaziantep, Aydın, Bursa, Diyarbakır, Yozgat, Antalya and Muğla) spread over Turkey were used as training (11 stations) and testing (6 stations) data. Meteorological and geographical data (latitude, longitude, altitude, month, mean sunshine duration and mean temperature) are used in the input layer of the network. Solar radiation is in the output layer. The maximum mean absolute percentage error was found to be less than 6.735% and
R
2 values were found to be about 99.893% for the testing stations. However, these values were found to be 4.398% and 99.965% for the training stations. The trained and tested ANN models show greater accuracy for evaluating the solar resource possibilities in regions where a network of monitoring stations has not been established in Turkey. The predicted solar potential values from the ANN are given in the form of monthly maps. These maps are of prime importance for different working disciplines, like scientists, architects, meteorologists and solar engineers, in Turkey. The predictions from the ANN models could enable scientists to locate and design solar energy systems in Turkey and determine the best solar technology.
The three different configurations of the multi-effect evaporation system: the parallel/cross, forward and backward feed configurations were studied. On the basis of material and energy balances, ...mathematical models are developed for all the configurations. These models are used to study the effect of all the parameters on total capacity, gain output ratio, specific heat transfer area, specific heat consumption and temperature difference between effects under different operating and design conditions. Results indicate that for the three feed schemes, steam temperature and temperature difference per effect have the major impact on the specific heat transfer area of the effects. Results also showed that the parallel/cross feed scheme has better performance characteristics than the other two feed configurations. Parallel/cross feed configuration has higher gain output ratio and lower specific heat consumption than the other two arrangements.
•Parametric study of different schemes of the multi-effect evaporation (MEE) system has been conducted.•Mathematical models are developed for each MEE configuration.•Steam temperature has the major impact on the specific heat transfer area in MEE process.•Parallel/cross feed scheme of MEE process has better performance than the other two schemes.•Efficiency of each MEE configuration is measured in term of gain output ratio (GOR).
•Privacy concerns are diverse and depend on the applications in question.•Privacy concerns are more common when payments are involved than for emailing or information searching.•Trust in other people ...has the strongest explanatory power for privacy concerns.
Questions regarding personal privacy are becoming increasingly relevant, and the discussion continuously arises regarding what digital tracks we leave. Intrusive use and manipulation of personal information not only affect people’s behaviour, but also they could have important implications for political and civic society. Previous research has relied on convenience samples and has often focused on one or only a few areas of use. The presented study, based on a probability sample, gives an overall picture of how privacy concerns are perceived in different online contexts and how socio-demography, internet experience, trust, and political orientation contribute to the understanding of privacy concerns in different settings. The results clearly point to privacy concerns as being very diverse and dependent on the applications in question. All dimensions that are used to explain privacy concerns are partly supported in the study. But their explanatory powers differ and not all areas of concern are affected by the same explanatory factors. Trust in other people is the single most important factor explaining privacy concerns when using digital media and applications. The more people trust others, the less concern they have for misuse of personal information.
Electrochromic (EC) materials can be integrated in thin-film devices and used for modulating optical transmittance. The technology has recently been implemented in large-area glazing (windows and ...glass facades) in order to create buildings which combine energy efficiency with good indoor comfort. This critical review describes the basics of EC technology, provides a case study related to EC foils for glass lamination, and discusses a number of future aspects. Ample literature references are given with the object of providing an easy entrance to the burgeoning research field of electrochromics.
In this paper we combined a multimodel ensemble based on 15 regional climate models with a multicatchment approach to explore the hydrologic sensitivity of 14 neighboring and rather similar ...catchments to changing climate conditions. Current (1982–2010) and future (2062–2090) streamflow was simulated with the HBV model. A diagnostic approach was used, which considered major behavioral catchment functions by using hydrologically relevant signatures related to overall water balance, flow duration curves and hydrograph attributes. Projected increases in temperature and precipitation resulted in increased total available streamflow, with lower spring and summer flows, but substantially higher winter streamflow. Furthermore, significant changes in flow durations with lower chances of both high and low flows can be expected in boreal Sweden in the future. This overall trend in projected streamflow pattern changes was comparable among the analyzed catchments but the magnitude of change differed considerably. This suggests that catchments belonging to the same region can show distinctly different degrees of hydrological responses to the same external climate change signal. We reason that differences in spatially distributed physical catchment properties within catchments are not only of great importance for current streamflow behavior, but also play a major role in the sensitivity of catchments to changing climate conditions.
Key Points:
Future streamflow responses are simulated for 14 similar, neighboring catchments in the boreal region
Changes in streamflow patterns are comparable, but the magnitudes of change differ considerably
Heterogeneous physical catchment descriptors control hydrologic catchment responses to climate change
This paper presents a novel energetic integration of a Multiple Effect Thermal Desalination System (MED) and an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for simultaneous production of potable water and electrical ...energy, using low-temperature energetic sources. The thermal energy required for the system's operation is supplied by the MED's evaporator, while the ORC is activated using a fraction of the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor produced in the first effect of the MED. By doing this, the production of water in the first stage of the desalination system increases and, thus, the final production of distillate also increases. A simulation and validation of the proposal was conducted. The MED/ORC system has a 3.95% increase on the average Performance Ratio when the electrical energy production increases in 10 kW, presenting only a 1.57% increase on the total heat transfer area. MED/ORC system with an electrical energy production of 50 kW is 22% more efficient in water desalination than a MED system without integration, while requiring only 6.9% more heat transfer area. The results show that the MED/ORC energetic integration studied benefits both the final production of desalinized water, and the MED's efficiency without considerably increasing the required heat transfer area.
Display omitted
•An ORC was energetically integrated with the first effect of a MED.•A 50 kWe MED/ORC system increases PR by 22%, requiring only 6.9% more heat transfer area•MED/ORC integration benefits desalinated water production and PR.
Did William Shakespeare ever meet Queen Elizabeth I? There is no evidence of such a meeting, yet for three centuries writers and artists have been provoked and inspired to imagine it. S hakespeare ...and Elizabeth is the first book to explore the rich history of invented encounters between the poet and the Queen, and examines how and why the mythology of these two charismatic and enduring cultural icons has been intertwined in British and American culture. Helen Hackett follows the history of meetings between Shakespeare and Elizabeth through historical novels, plays, paintings, and films, ranging from well-known works such as Sir Walter Scott's Kenilworth and the film Shakespeare in Love to lesser known but equally fascinating examples. Raising intriguing questions about the boundaries separating scholarship and fiction, Hackett looks at biographers and critics who continue to delve into links between the queen and the poet. In the Shakespeare authorship controversy there have even been claims that Shakespeare was Elizabeth's secret son or lover, or that Elizabeth herself was the genius Shakespeare. Hackett uncovers the reasons behind the lasting appeal of their combined reputations, and she locates this interest in their enigmatic sexual identities, as well as in the ways they represent political tensions and national aspirations. Considering a wealth of examples, Shakespeare and Elizabeth shows how central this double myth is to both elite and popular culture in Britain and the United States, and how vibrantly it is reshaped in different eras.
Conductive metal–organic frameworks (c-MOFs) show great potential in electrochemical energy storage thanks to their high electrical conductivity and highly accessible surface areas. However, there ...are significant challenges in processing c-MOFs for practical applications. Here, we report on the fabrication of c-MOF nanolayers on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with formation of nanofibrillar CNF@c-MOF by interfacial synthesis, in which CNFs serve as substrates for growth of c-MOF nanolayers. The obtained hybrid nanofibers of CNF@c-MOF can be easily assembled into freestanding nanopapers, demonstrating high electrical conductivity of up to 100 S cm–1, hierarchical micromesoporosity, and excellent mechanical properties. Given these advantages, the nanopapers are tested as electrodes in a flexible and foldable supercapacitor. The high conductivity and hierarchical porous structure of the electrodes endow fast charge transfer and efficient electrolyte transport, respectively. Furthermore, the assembled supercapacitor shows extremely high cycle stability with capacitance retentions of >99% after 10000 continuous charge–discharge cycles. This work provides a pathway to develop flexible energy storage devices based on sustainable cellulose and MOFs.
Nanocrystal quantum dots are generally coated with an organic ligand layer. These layers are a necessary consequence of their chemical synthesis, and in addition they play a key role in controlling ...the optical and electronic properties of the system. Here we describe a method for quantitative measurement of the ligand layer in 3 nm diameter lead sulfide–oleic acid quantum dots. Complementary small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) studies give a complete and quantitative picture of the nanoparticle structure. We find greater-than-monolayer coverage of oleic acid and a significant proportion of ligand remaining in solution, and we demonstrate reversible thermal cycling of the oleic acid coverage. We outline the effectiveness of simple purification procedures with applications in preparing dots for efficient ligand exchange. Our method is transferrable to a wide range of colloidal nanocrystals and ligand chemistries, providing the quantitative means to enable the rational design of ligand-exchange procedures.
PDF
