Beliefs refer to a set of conceptual images that include general knowledge about phenomena, people and events related to the professional context. The focus of this paper was on establishing ...differences in the beliefs of first-, third- and fifth-year students in teacher education and employed teachers regarding educational inclusion and teaching pupils with developmental disabilities. Its purpose was to provide answers to the question of whether and to what extent the beliefs of different groups of respondents vary with regard to pupils with developmental disabilities and their inclusion in the educational process. The participants in the research were 585 student teachers and teachers employed in primary schools in the Republic of Croatia. Beliefs were explored by means of the metaphor technique, using a familiar object or event as a mental vehicle for interpreting complex notions or situations. The participants in the research were asked to complete the sentences ‘Inclusion of pupils with developmental disabilities is like …, because …’ and ‘Teaching pupils with developmental disabilities is like …, because …’. It could be established that in the total sample most participants expressed inclusive beliefs, since their responses were directed at shaping and supporting pupils with developmental disabilities. However, when it came to the teaching process, the share of participants expressing inclusive beliefs decreased. Inclusive beliefs characterised third-year students, who were at the time of the investigation completing a course in inclusive education, to the greatest extent and in-service teachers to the smallest extent. The remaining groups of students shared almost identical professional beliefs, which points to an insufficient contribution of both initial teacher education and teaching experience to the transformation from pre-professional towards professional beliefs about inclusive education.
Treba li braniti društvo? Petković, Krešimir
Filozofska istraživanja,
12/2016, Letnik:
36, Številka:
4/144
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Cet article examine l’utilisation du concept de guerre dans l’oeuvre de Michel Foucault. En renversant la célèbre déclaration de Clausewitz selon laquelle la guerre n’est qu’un prolongement de la ...politique par d’autres moyens, Foucault parle de manière ambivalente dans les années 1970 de la politique comme d’un prolongement de la guerre par d’autres moyens. Au sein de son analyse des rapports sociaux en tant que rapports de pouvoir, il se sert abondamment des métaphores de guerre telles que la stratégie et la tactique, mais utilise aussi une terminologie de guerre en abandonnant la métaphore. Il se distancie plus tard de ce discours qu’il qualifie de discours historique spécifique qui, de manière rétrospective, est soumis au discours analytiquementplus froid d’archéologie, à savoir, dans le sens foucaldien, à l’analyse dynastique/généalogique du pouvoir nominalement engagé. Il rejette également d’un point de vue normatif la métaphore de guerre dans certains domaines spécifiques, telle que dans sa problématisation du rôle des intellectuels. Cet article se limite à deux buts particuliers. Le but premier est, suivant le genre de l’herméneutique de Foucault, de reconstruire en tentant de classer de manière fidèle les différents genres de discours de guerre présents dans son oeuvre riche et variée. Le but second consiste, quant à lui, à valoriser ce discours d’un point de vue analytique, travail résumé en la question de savoir ce que l’on gagne et ce que l’on perd à travers le discours de guerre dans l’analyse des mouvements sociaux, tout en ayant à l’esprit l’intitulé de Lakoff et Johnson concernant les métaphores conceptuelles, qui, comme ils l’affirment, façonnent notre pensée et nos mondes réels. En d’autres mots, il s’agit de savoir ce que nous a réellement dit Foucault et ce qu’il a vraiment écrit, mais aussi, ce que cela signifie pour nous aujourd’hui au sein de l’analyse de la société et de la politique.
For some time, it has been clear that psychoanalytic theories are built upon the kind of master narratives Roy Schafer, a New York psychoanalyst, described in 1980. As such, psychoanalytic theories ...may today have lost some of their initial scientific credibility in that they can no longer be seen as summarizing findings from data collected in a research environment. As aids in participating in their patients’ process of healing, however, narratives continue to be used by practitioners and reflect allegiance to core beliefs and propositions with roots in long‐standing Western thought. In this article, the metaphors in master narratives of Freud and Jung are compared with a conceptual system identified by cognitive linguists as ‘The Great Chain of Being’. Based on this analysis, the article proposes that theoretical formulations have mainly a secondary role to play in achieving good outcomes. The most critical element is the therapist's capacity to access a specific narrative for what transpires throughout each treatment.
Depuis quelque temps, il est entendu que les théories psychanalytiques sont construites sur le type de récits que Roy Schafer, un psychanalyste New‐Yorkais, a décrits en 1980. En tant que telles, les théories psychanalytiques ont peut‐être aujourd’hui perdu une partie de leur crédibilité scientifique : elles ne peuvent plus être considérées comme résumant les découvertes obtenues à partir de données issues de la recherche. Cependant, en tant que ressources qui participent aux processus de guérison de leurs patients, les récits sont encore utilisés par les praticiens. Ces récits reflètent des croyances fondamentales et des propositions qui ont leurs racines dans une tradition de pensée occidentale longuement établie. Dans cet article, les métaphores des métarécits de Freud et de Jung sont comparées au système conceptuel identifié par les linguistes cognitifs comme « La Grande Chaine de la Vie ». S’appuyant sur cette analyse, l’article propose que les formulations théoriques jouent surtout un rôle secondaire dans l’obtention de bons résultats. L’élément le plus essentiel étant la capacité du thérapeute à trouver l’accès à un récit spécifique pour ce qui transparait au travers de chaque cure.
Seit einiger Zeit ist klar, daß psychoanalytische Theorien auf jener Art von Meistererzählungen aufgebaut sind wie sie von Roy Schafer, einem New Yorker Psychoanalytiker, 1980 beschrieben wurden. Als solche könnten psychoanalytische Theorien heute einiges von ihrer anfänglichen wissenschaftlichen Glaubwürdigkeit verloren haben insofern sie nicht länger als Verfahren angesehen werden, die in wissenschaftlicher Forschungsumgebung gesammelte Ergebnisse von Daten zusammenfassen. Als Hilfen im Heilungsprozeß ihrer Patienten werden Narrative jedoch weiterhin von den Behandlern verwendet, was die Loyalität zu Kernüberzeugungen und ‐aussagen widerspiegelt, die in althergebrachtem westlichen Denken wurzeln. In diesem Artikel werden die Metaphern aus Meistererzählungen von Freud und Jung mit einem konzeptuellen System verglichen, das von kognitiven Linguisten als ‘Die große Kette des Seins’ bezeichnet wird. Basierend auf dieser Analyse wird in diesem Artikel dazu angeregt, theoretischen Formulierungen im wesentlichen eine sekundäre Rolle zuzusprechen wenn es darum geht, gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen. Das kritischste Element besteht in der Fähigkeit des Therapeuten, Zugriff auf eine jeweils bestimmte Erzählung zu erlangen die abbildet, was während jeder Behandlung geschieht.
Da un po’ di tempo è chiaro che le teorie psicoanalitiche sono costruite sul modello delle narrative che Roy Schafer, uno psicoanalista di New York, ha descritto nel 1980. In questa prospettiva, le teorie psicoanalitiche hanno perso qualcosa della loro iniziale credibilità scientifica, in quanto non possono più essere considerate come raccoglitori di dati in un ambiente di ricerca. In quanto aiuto nel processo di guarigione dei pazienti, le narrazioni continuano ad essere utilizzate dai terapeuti e rispecchiano l’ancoraggio alle credenze di base ed alle affermazioni che sono alle radici nella lunga storia del pensiero occidentale. In questo articolo, le metafore nei modelli narrativi di Freud e di Jung vengono confrontate con un sistema concettuale definito dai linguisti cognitivi come “la grande catena dell’essere”. Basandosi su questa analisi, l’articolo suggerisce che le formulazioni teoriche hanno prevalentemente un ruolo secondario nel raggiungimento di risultati positivi. L’elemento cruciale è la capacità del terapeuta di accedere a specifiche narrative attraverso ciò che traspare durante ogni trattamento.
Некоторое время многими аналитиками разделялась точка зрения, что психоаналитические теории строятся на ключевом нарративе. Рой Шафер, психоаналитик из Нью‐Йорка, описал это явление в 1980. Можно предположить, что на сегодняшний день психоаналитические теории потеряли свою первоначальную научную достоверность в том плане, что их больше не рассматривают как обобщение данных, полученных в ходе эмпирического исследования. Однако нарративы продолжают использоваться практикующими специалистами, они выступают в роли помощников в процессе исцеления пациентов, отражают приверженность основным убеждениям и положениям в давней традиции западной мысли . В этой статье метафоры в ключевых нарративах Фрейда и Юнга сравниваются с понятийной системой, которую когнитивные лингвисты называют «Великая цепь бытия». Основываясь на анализе, предполагается, что теоретические формулировки играют второстепенную роль в достижении хороших результатов. Решающим элементом является способность терапевта добраться до ключевого нарратива, который обнаруживает себя в ходе терапии.
Durante cierto tiempo, resultó claro que las teorías psicoanalíticas se crearon sobre la base de las narrativas maestras, descriptas por Roy Schafer, psicoanalista de New York, en 1980. Como tales, las teorías psicoanalíticas pueden haber perdido actualmente algo de su credibilidad científica inicial, debido a que ya no pueden ser vistas como una recolección de datos provenientes de una investigación. Las narrativas, sin embargo, continúan utilizándose por quienes practican, como ayuda en el proceso de curación de sus pacientes, reflejando la lealtad a aquellas creencias y proposiciones fundamentales, con profundas raíces en el pensamiento Occidental. En este artículo, las metáforas en narrativas maestras de Freud y Jung son comparadas con un sistema conceptual identificado por los lingüistas cognitivos como “La Gran Cadena del Ser”. Basado en este análisis, el artículo propone que las formulaciones teóricas han tenido principalmente un rol secundario con respecto a la obtención de buenos resultados. El elemento fundamental es la capacidad del terapeuta de acceder a la narrativa específica de aquello que transpira a través de cada tratamiento.
弗洛伊德、荣格与伟大的存在之链
一段时期以来,我们都很清楚,精神分析理论构建于一个曾在1980年,由一位纽约精神分析学家, Roy Schafer (罗伊·谢弗)所描述的大叙事的基础之上。同时,当今的精神分析理论可能失去了它们最初的科学可靠性,因为它们不再被看作是基于研究数据的收集而得出的总结。叙事作为一个病人治愈过程中的助力,一直被实践者使用。这展现出人们对核心信念的拥护,以及叙事所具有的,长久以来西方思想的基础。这篇文章,将弗洛伊德和荣格大叙事中的隐喻,与认知语言学家所定义的“伟大的存在之链”的概念系统进行比较。基于这一分析,文章提出,理论的构想在获得好的治疗效果中,主要扮演的是一个次要的角色。最为关键的元素是治疗师在每一个特定的治疗中,可以为治疗中所发生的一切使用特定的叙事的能力。
When evaluating concepts people tend to use metaphors linking spatial location and affect, thus judging positive concepts to be up and negative down (e.g. feeling high and being down; Meier & ...Robinson, 2004). Space and information on proximity is used when describing similarities between concepts - research shows that separating hands in the task of binary categorization decreases task interference and cognitive load (Casasanto, 2008). The aim of this study was to test these assumptions, as well as effects valence and spatial location that words might have on subsequent recall of these words. Participants' (N=175) task was to evaluate the valence of words presented either at the top or at the bottom of the screen, and to answer by pressing either close or distant keys on the keyboard. Reaction time and accuracy were recorded. Furthermore, participants took part in the surprise free recall test. Their answers in free recall task were categorized according to the valence of the recalled word and the location of its presentation during the experiment. Results show faster response times when positive words were presented at the top of the screen as opposed to the bottom of the screen. Separating hands, while answering, had no effect on the response speed. Participants remembered more positive than negative words. Separating hands in the categorization task resulted in higher free recall. Results are discussed within the merits of current findings on metaphorical representation of affect. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Movement psychotherapy (MP), and dance/movement therapy (DMT), are body-orientated psychotherapy approaches that use movement for the integration of emotional, cognitive, physical, social and ...spiritual aspects of self (European Association Dance Movement Therapy, 2010). It is distinctively a combination of moving and sensing the body with verbal self-reflection (Bloom, 2006). Several papers have presented DMT as a treatment in general medical care and cancer care, but there is still a paucity of evidence-based studies. The authors describe a clinical case illustrative of many of the situations in which facing death was particularly tormenting. The emotional pressure can produce a barrier of communication with the risk of rupturing the therapeutic relationship. The movement therapist's function is to clarify the elements of body language and this has important implications for clinical practice because the end-of-life decisions are difficult, like palliative sedation therapy (PST). Even if procedural guidelines for PST help physicians and care teams through the decision-making process and make them more comfortable when responding to physical suffering, physicians more frequently report an emotional pressure when their patients experience psychological symptoms, with the risk that PST could become a potential "counterphobic defence to treat".
The author examines the image of Spain through the megaconcept of fiesta, which determines many aspects of the national and cultural mentality. This concept reflects various vectors of quotidian ...life, religious and popular holidays with their complicated details and special dramaturgy, penetrates to every day communication and behavior. The research determines such Spanish extralinguistic realities as corrida, tertulia, movida, botellon, indignados, analyses the role of the theater, of "coffee culture", of football and other phenomenons in social life and cognitive space of Spaniards. The knowledge of different aspects of fiesta helps to understand the word potential of Spanish language, its metaphors, and stylistic images. The fiesta as a key word of Spanish linguistic culture, it is full of feelings, which considered being merged in verbal, textual, visual and no verbal dimensions for the exit of intercultural communication.
This absorbing collection of metaphors includes a variety of expressions with figurative meanings, like similes, proverbs, slang and catchphrases. It is the result of a lifetime of work on dialect ...and metaphor and gives an overview of the folk wisdom expressed in figurative expressions. The author draws on his extensive contact with the rural cultures of Dorset, Cornwall, Yorkshire and Lancashire, but has also included a range of sayings from North America, Australia, Scotland and other English speaking countries. With revised contents and an improved index to make individual entries easier to find, the Concise can be used to check the meaning and the origin of an expression or to avoid mixed metaphors, anachronisms and incongruities. It is a joy to browse long after your original query has been answered.
The author examines the image of Spain through the megaconcept of fiesta, which determines many aspects of the national and cultural mentality. This concept reflects various vectors of quotidian ...life, religious and popular holidays with their complicated details and special dramaturgy, penetrates to every day communication and behavior. The research determines such Spanish extralinguistic realities as corrida, tertulia, movida, botellon, indignados, analyses the role of the theater, of "coffee culture", of football and other phenomenons in social life and cognitive space of Spaniards. The knowledge of different aspects of fiesta helps to understand the word potential of Spanish language, its metaphors, and stylistic images. The fiesta as a key word of Spanish linguistic culture, it is full of feelings, which considered being merged in verbal, textual, visual and no verbal dimensions for the exit of intercultural communication.
The author examines the image of Spain through the megaconcept of fiesta, which determines many aspects of the national and cultural mentality. This concept reflects various vectors of quotidian ...life, religious and popular holidays with their complicated details and special dramaturgy, penetrates to every day communication and behavior. The research determines such Spanish extralinguistic realities as corrida, tertulia, movida, botellon, indignados, analyses the role of the theater, of "coffee culture", of football and other phenomenons in social life and cognitive space of Spaniards. The knowledge of different aspects of fiesta helps to understand the word potential of Spanish language, its metaphors, and stylistic images. The fiesta as a key word of Spanish linguistic culture, it is full of feelings, which considered being merged in verbal, textual, visual and no verbal dimensions for the exit of intercultural communication.
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