The emergence of unconventional metaphors of beauty calls on us to pay attention to competing and seemingly intractable connotations of fear, darkness, ugliness, oppression, repression, callousness ...and dejection that won't leave us indifferent to their appeal.
In this paper, we classify metaphors into four categories: motion-based metaphors, static space-based metaphors, static object-based metaphors, and static event-based metaphors. Then, a study that ...investigated the use of gestures with these types of metaphors is reported. The aim was to examine how these types of metaphors are used with metaphoric and beat gestures during the process of re-telling stories. The participants of the study listened to three audio stories. Each story contained two motion-based metaphors, two static space-based metaphors, two static object-based metaphors, and two static event-based metaphors. After listening to each story, they had to retell the stories in front of a camera. The videos were analyzed to determine the number of metaphoric gestures and beat gestures that had been used by participants during the retelling of the stories. The results showed that the highest number of metaphoric gestures had been used with static space-based metaphors. This was followed by motion-based metaphors, static object-based metaphors, and static event-based metaphors, respectively. On the other hand, the highest number of beat gestures was used with static event-based metaphors. These findings indicate that the use of metaphoric gestures and beat gestures accompanying metaphors is highly dependent on the spatial and motoric properties of the base of the metaphors, which supports the idea of embodied metaphor comprehension.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose. This paper examines the connotations of the most common ten animal metaphors in the Jordanian context as perceived by Jordanian Arabic speakers. Methods. The data were collected in three ...stages. First, the principal researcher shared a post on his Facebook account in which he asked his Jordanian-Arabic speaking virtual friends to report in a comment the most common animal metaphors they use. The researchers compiled 115 comments/responses with 1106 animal metaphor tokens. Second, the received tokens were used to identify the most common animal metaphors. Third, in order to identify the set of connotations of each animal metaphor, the researchers distributed a questionnaire to 137 (43 males and 94 females) students at The University of Jordan in which the respondents were asked to report when each of them tends to use each animal metaphor and for what connotations. Based on the received responses, a preliminary list of connotations was prepared. Finally, the proposed connotations were subjected to a validation process by two Jordanian-Arabic speaking linguists from the Department of English at the University of Jordan. Most of their judgments were compatible with those of the researchers and when there was an overlap, amendments were made to amalgamate the connotations together. Results. The findings show that the ten most common animal metaphors in the Jordanian context are (1) X IS A MONKEY, (2) X IS A DONKEY, (3) X IS A COW, (4) X IS A SNAKE, (5) X IS A DOG, (6) X IS A PIG, (7) X IS A BEAR, (8) X IS A DUCK, (9) X IS AN OWL, and (10) X IS A DEER. They have a total of 39 connotations. X IS A MONKEY is used to convey five connotations, the most common of which is hyperactivity. As for X IS A DONKEY, it has four connotations with stupidity being its most common connotation. X IS A COW has six connotations and it is mainly associated with obesity, especially when referring to females. X IS A SNAKE connotes being toxic and deceitful. With regard to X IS A DOG, it is associated mostly with ill-mannerisms. X IS A PIG has three connotations and it is mostly linked with being deceitful. As for X IS A BEAR, it has four connotations with its most frequent connotation being fat. X IS A DUCK has three connotations and it is associated mostly with being pretty with a beautiful body. X IS AN OWL has three connotations and it is linked mostly with being pessimistic. Finally, X IS A DEER has three connotations with being characterized by beauty as its most common connotation. Conclusions. The study concludes that animal metaphors are culturally loaded and that the environment we live in shapes the way we view animals and the way we use them metaphorically.
ABSTRACT
Psycholinguistic research has shown that conceptual metaphors influence how people produce and understand language (e.g., Gibbs, 1994, 2017a; Kövecses, 2015; Jacobs & Kinder, 2017). So far, ...investigations have mostly paid attention to non-poetic metaphor comprehension. This focus stems from the original discovery of Conceptual Metaphor Theory that much of everyday, non-poetic language is metaphorical. The present study aims to expand this focus and explores whether people access conceptual metaphors during poetry interpretation. To answer this question, we conducted a psycholinguistic experiment in which 38 participants, all native speakers of English, completed two tasks. In each task, participants read excerpts of poetry containing conceptual metaphors before selecting or rating items that indicated their implicit and explicit awareness of the conceptual metaphors. The results of both tasks show that participants retrieve conceptual metaphors when reading poetry. This provides empirical evidence in favor of the idea that crucial aspects of poetic thought and language arise from conceptual metaphor.
This study aimed to explore how metaphors were used to interpret the pandemic and to address its challenges in primary and secondary schools in Reggio Emilia, Italy. A questionnaire was administered ...to educators and teachers to understand how languages, images, and metaphors were used by themselves and their students to talk about the pandemic and their experiences of living with it. The goal of the questionnaire was to guide critical reflection and encourage more informed language choices. While the existing literature points out the alleged overuse of war metaphors and military frames in public discourse, our findings show that war metaphors are relatively frequent, with other metaphorical frames widely used by teachers and educators to foster resilient attitudes in students. Moreover, in their professional contexts, teachers and educators mostly use metaphorical frames involving resilient attitudes. Our interpretation of the results supports the hypothesis that the purposeful use and deliberate production of metaphors support the choice of metaphors with positive, constructive implications. Finally, some implications of these findings on the theory of metaphor and the methodology of the research are discussed.
In this paper, we critically investigate the media portrayals of the EU-Western Balkans relations through the metaphor POLITICS AS A GAME/SPORT MATCH. We apply the analytical framework of critical ...metaphor analysis to study this metaphor in a corpus of 123 online news articles published in Montenegro, Serbia, and Bosnia and Hercegovina, between January 2018 and September 2019. The results show that the roles of the EU and the WB are presented asymmetrically, where active agency is attributed to the EU and a passive role to the WB. Their current relations are depicted either as a one-sided match with the EU as the dominant player, or as a match in which the EU is one of the global players and the WB is a mere playing field. In both cases, the role of the WB is marginalized. The EU-integrations are also manipulatively presented as a competition between the WB candidates. Game and sport match metaphors, which invoke the idea of rules and merit-based outcomes and which can drive up readers' engagement, inspire loyalty to one player/team and motivate them to read media articles, were used to simplistically and binarily present complex political situations governed by fluctuating rules.
The article is based on the general principles of the theory of conceptual metaphor and the theory of metaphor translation, and will describe the conceptual metaphors of LOVE in the novel Wuthering ...Heights and its translation, based on earlier studies in the field of conceptual metaphor analysis and cognitive linguistics, emphasizing metaphor as one of the most important rhetorical figures in a literature. The cognitive-linguistic contrastive analysis of the conceptual metaphor best indicates the problems in the presentation of literary metaphors, social and cultural differences between different languages, using methodological procedures that include the study of the corpus and the classification of metaphors that are based on the conceptualization of the LOVE entity in the original text. The aim of this research is therefore to point out the importance of metaphoricity and the entity LOVE in the conceptual field, as well as communication between two typologically different languages and the way in which these metaphors are realized.
The principal aim of this communication is to describe and analyze metaphor as a narrative resource of emotional vocabulary used by men. Beside the relationship with mandates of masculinity. A ...qualitative ethnographic approach was used with in-depth interviews on family life and work experiences of men between age from 20 to 49 years, living with a heterosexual couple, with at least one child, being unemployed or having a recent unemployment period of time and residents of the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico. Men enunciated metaphors more frequently than emotional labels. The metaphor sense of pleasure or displeasure are described, their relation with family and/or work experiences, but also linkage with some mandates of masculinity. A series of reflections on methodological and empirical aspects and questions are presented to continue the research on emotions and masculinities as a promising field of studies on the gender of men.
Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, extensive research has been done on how the pandemic has been metaphorised. However, little research has focused on how the pandemic is associated with the ...depiction of gender relations in political cartoons. Therefore, this study showcases sexism and gender relations by examining how both gender and gender relationships have been expressed metaphorically. It draws on conceptual metaphor theory as well as concepts related to visual metaphors in multimodal discourse, covert sexism, and dehumanisation to analyse a corpus of 100 Arabic cartoons depicting men and women alone and as couples that were published during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results demonstrate that typo-pictorial metaphors and those related to body modification, dehumanisation, and the coronavirus are associated with prevalent covert sexism during the pandemic. In short, the findings suggest that COVID-19 has contributed to how women in relationships have been negatively portrayed in Arabic political cartoons. In terms of theoretical implications, the study results show that a more general theory of multimodal sexism in political cartoons should be used to address various types of identifiable sexism in multimodal contexts; this approach is useful for both multimodal scholars and discourse analysts in various disciplines.
This article tried to find out the hidden meaning in the song Kun Fa Yakoon, written by Mohammad bin Dhahi, one of the most popular songs in the Muslim world during the pandemic Covid-19, not only ...due to the imitation of one of the current most popular Western songs, Memories by Maroon, but the acapella is also interesting due to the overwhelming symbols within the lyrics. Thus, new meanings need to produce to comprehend the song and its cultural context. This article aimed to deepen the comprehension of the song's message to result in an increased appreciation for art and a better understanding of the circumstances during the difficult times of the pandemic. The type of research conducted is qualitative research. In analysis, researchers used Riffaterre's Semiotics theory by identifying the Semiotic elements of the song, such as the use of metaphors and repetitions, then conducting heuristic reading and interpretation, and producing meaning through hermeneutic reading. The research findings indicate the discovery of meaning shifts in the form of metaphors and the creation of meaning through repetitions. In the heuristic analysis, ungrammatical elements like "من" (who) interrogative in conjunction with "إلاّ" (except) yield a new meaning that signifies a firm statement: "I bear witness." The global situation currently being affected by the COVID-19 pandemic also generates the meaning of earnestness in prayer and the high demand placed upon it. This represents the songwriter's response to the anxiety prevailing in society and signifies an increase in faith.
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