Abstract Such a universal yet abstract concept as time can show variation in metaphorical language. This research focuses on metaphorical language within the framework of the cognitive metaphor ...theory, investigating the image of time through a contrastive cross-linguistic approach. This study attempts to identify genitival components associated with time in a metaphorical context, with a focus on image-based metaphors e.g. the teeth of time or the river of time. The hypothesis is that certain patterns of lexicalization of cognitive processes related to time could differ in Hungarian, English and Finnish, and to support this claim cognitive underpinnings of metaphors are investigated using an empirical corpus-based method.
Brand Performances in Social Media Singh, Sangeeta; Sonnenburg, Stephan
Journal of interactive marketing,
11/2012, Letnik:
26, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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The branding literature has long recognized the power of storytelling to provide meaning to the brand and practitioners have used storytelling to enhance consumers' connections with brands. The ...premise of brand storytelling has been that the story and its content, production, and distribution are the brand owner's realm and the consumer primarily a listener. The emergence of social media has changed the consumers' role in storytelling from that of a passive listener to a more active participant. Our paper uses the metaphor of improvisation (improv) theater to show that in social media brand owners do not tell brand stories alone but co-create brand performances in collaboration with the consumers. The first and foremost contribution of such a conceptualization is that it offers a semantic framework that resolves issues in storytelling, demonstrates the necessity of co-creation in storytelling, and identifies the core of an inspiring story. The improv theater metaphor also helps identify the following three propositions relevant for branding in social media: (i) the process of improvisation is more important than the output, (ii) managing brands is about keeping the brand performance alive, and (iii) understanding the audience and its roles is the prerequisite for a successful brand performance.
► Improv theater is used as a framework to understand brands in social media. ► Issues in storytelling are resolved and three propositions suggested. ► Proposition 1: Process of improvisation is more important than its output. ► Proposition 2: Managing brands is about managing tension. ► Proposition 3: Understanding the audience is the key to meaningful brand performances.
Within Relevance Theory, it has been suggested that extended metaphors might be processed differently relative to single metaphoric uses. While single metaphors are hypothesized to be understood
the ...creation of an
concept, extended metaphors have been claimed to require a switch to a secondary processing mode, which gives greater prominence to the literal meaning. Initial experimental evidence has supported a distinction by showing differences in reading times between single and extended metaphors. However, beyond potential differences in comprehension speed, Robyn Carston's 'lingering of the literal' account seems to predict qualitative differences in the interpretative mechanisms involved. In the present work, we test the hypothesis that during processing of extended metaphors, the mechanisms of enhancement and suppression of activation levels of literal-related features operate differently relative to single metaphors. We base our work on a study by Paula Rubio-Fernández, which showed that processing single metaphors involves suppressing features related exclusively to the literal meaning of the metaphoric vehicle after 1000 milliseconds of encountering the metaphor. Our goal was to investigate whether suppression is also involved in the comprehension of extended metaphors, or whether the 'lingering of the literal' leads to continued activation of literal-related features, as we take Carston's account to predict. We replicate existing results, in as much as we find that activation levels of literal-related features are reduced after 1000 milliseconds. Critically, we also show that the pattern of suppression does not hold for extended metaphors, for which literal-related features remain activated after 1000 milliseconds. We see our results as providing support for Carston's view that extended metaphor processing involves a prominent role of literal meaning, contributing towards explicating the links between theoretical predictions within Relevance Theory and online sentence processing.
Metaphors in policies can have a significant effect on how ideas are conceptualised and concepts are framed. By investigating the metaphors in a specific recent language policy framework, insights ...into the conceptualisation of language and related concepts can be provided. After identifying all the relevant metaphors, they were categorised into themes and the themes were described with some illustrative examples. The most prominent metaphor theme in the policy is HUMAN, where languages are portrayed as humans. Languages are also depicted as having bodies (EMBODIMENT), and as being physical entities (PHYSICAL) and plants (NATURE). Terminology as money (FINANCIAL) also features. The implications of these metaphors are discussed in the conclusion.
The subjective experience of neurological symptoms provides useful information for assessment, intervention and care. However, research in the subjective experience of aphasia is limited. Word ...production difficulties are universal to aphasia, and interdisciplinary research has produced sophisticated models of the multiple stages and processes involved. Critically, this word-production research does not incorporate the subjective experience of symptoms. We carried out a metaphor-led discourse analysis on autobiographical accounts written by people with aphasia, to determine whether subjective descriptions of word finding difficulties are consistent with the stages and processes of psycholinguistic models.
Metaphor-led discourse analysis was used to identify, code and interpret metaphorical expressions describing word production difficulties in 12 English-language autobiographical accounts written by people with aphasia. These expressions were then analysed to determine the systematic metaphors (i.e., the related concepts which are used consistently to describe a particular topic). Two distinct types of systematic metaphor emerged in the analysis: conventional systematic metaphors frequently recurring throughout all or most of the accounts; novel systematic metaphors used in one or two extended passages in an overlapping subset of the accounts.
4020 metaphorical expressions described word production, predominantly using conventional metaphors about communication and cognition. The conventional metaphor WORD-PRODUCTION AS MOVING OBJECTS OUT OF A CONTAINER was the most prevalent, with elaborations and variations allowing mapping of different symptoms. Other conventional metaphors included: WORD PRODUCTION AS A JOURNEY/HUNTING/HERDING THROUGH A LANDSCAPE, allowing description of effortful or partial retrieval, neuroplastic recovery, and internal strategies; APHASIA AS BODILY IMPAIRMENT, which described various symptoms in terms of different body parts, including self-monitoring difficulties; and APHASIA AS FRAGMENTATION AND PERSONIFICATION OF SELF and SELF AS MACHINE/COMPUTER to describe a disrupted sense of agency and attention. Novel systematic metaphors were used to describe certain symptoms: APHASIA AS SILENCE and APHASIA AS SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE were used to describe a lack of 'inner speech', and APHASIA AS A DISMEMBERED TREE to describe problems making semantic associations.
This research demonstrates the many consistencies of subjective descriptions of word production difficulties in aphasia with theoretical models, but also shows that some subjectively salient symptoms, in particular attentional and self-monitoring difficulties, and a lack of inner speech, are not captured by all theoretical models. Careful attention to the way that people with aphasia describe their symptoms can provide a valuable source of information to be integrated with objective measures.
The conceptual metaphor is a major persuasive tool in political discourse. Therefore, the aim of the research is to analyze the realization of van Dijk’s Ideological Square strategies with the help ...of machine conceptual metaphors used by the presidential candidates during the 2020 electioneering campaign. The data of the research comprise 99 political speeches delivered by Donald Trump and Joe Biden at rallies. Consequently, the following methods of linguistic analysis were used: a Critical Discourse Analysis, a Conceptual Metaphor Analysis in the form of the method of the reconstruction of conceptual mappings, a comparative method, a contextual analysis, and statistical methods. As a result, the analysis demonstrated that conceptual metaphors, which were identified in the corpus, play an important role in realizing the Ideological Square strategies with persuasive goals. Apart from that, it was established that the conceptual metaphor ECONOMY IS A MACHINE is predominant in Donald Trump’s and Joe Biden's discourses. In addition, the data analysis showed that the majority of metaphors were used to highlight the candidate’s own positive sides while exaggerating his opponent’s disadvantages.
Abstract The article explores Sinophobic discourses during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing specifically on violence-related metaphors used to frame China in American and Australian newspapers from ...January to June 2020. Specifically, the analysis aims to investigate the extent to which violence-related metaphors were used to frame China in a micro-diachronic perspective and the functions they performed in the dataset. The investigation was conducted by combining corpus linguistics and discourse analysis approaches to analyse the semantic domain of violence. The results revealed that violence-related metaphors were extensively used to negatively frame China and its institutions in both corpora, although they were more frequent in the Australian corpus. From a micro-diachronic perspective, in the American corpus, violence-related metaphors were less recurrent and evenly distributed over time, whereas they peaked in May 2020 in the Australian corpus, a time that coincided with China’s imposition of substantial tariffs on Australian barley. This seemed to suggest that the use of such metaphors was highly influenced by socioeconomic factors rather than by the spread of COVID-19.
Nowadays, in the context of the global ecological crisis, the task of raising ecological awareness becomes more urgent than ever. One of the effective instruments of achieving this end is documentary ...films, which in their turn, make use of conceptual metaphors, which are one of the main instruments of thinking and conceptualization. This article presents an analysis of conceptual metaphors in ecological filmic discourse, in particular English documentaries addressing ecological issues. In my research, I focus on multimodal instantiations of conceptual metaphors. Theoretically, the article departs from the conceptual metaphor theory and moves on to the emergentist metaphor theory. It also extends the latter by taking into account multimodal manifestations of the metaphors under analysis. I consider verbal (written and spoken) and visual (static and dynamic images) semiotic modes. Taking English documentaries on ecological problems as empirical data, I aim to reveal how conceptual metaphors emerge in ecological filmic discourse. According to the emergentist metaphor theory, an individual conceptual metaphor emerges over language in use. The results obtained here show that individual conceptual metaphors in the discourse under study emerge over the elements of several semiotic modes (verbal, visual), as well as their interaction. The visual mode can contribute to conceptualization by vividly illustrating the information presented verbally, by appealing to the embodied experience, or by emphasizing certain features. It was also proved that the pairings of the source and target domains can happen on the basis of the correlation with the embodied or bodily experience; a certain similarity between the source and the target domains; the construal operation of schematization. These three kinds of metaphor motivation help to conceptualize complex ecological concepts or reconceptualize wrongly-perceived ones by appealing to their similarity to easier or better defined concepts, addressing the embodied experience, or schematizing one key feature into the target domain
À travers une lecture du rapport d’Olivier Bonard, guidée à la fois par la diversité des présentations cliniques et par la fertilité des métaphores, les chemins de l’affect en direction de la théorie ...seront revisités. À la fulgurance des expressions de l’affect répondent les jaillissements d’une mise en scène, d’une interprétation. Autant d’Einfallen qui initient la possibilité d’une sortie de la sidération qui ne pourra être opérante que dans une autre temporalité que celle de l’urgence. Dans ce travail, l’appui sur la notion des avocats du Ça permet une articulation de la clinique de la séance et de la métapsychologie. Toutefois, le tour de force de Bonard, c’est aussi de montrer via la processualité du travail psychanalytique, que c’est au moment même où, dans un renversement saisissant, le patient se fait avocat du Ça de l’analyste, suite à un acting par exemple, qu’il peut avoir accès à sa propre théorie.
The role of vividness of imagery in metaphor generation Stephan, Elena; Shidlovski, Daniella; Shanetzki, Maya ...
European journal of social psychology,
February 2023, 2023-02-00, 20230201, Letnik:
53, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Pointing to novel links between mental representation and social communication, we examine the association between vividness of imagery and use of metaphors. In a study on individual differences and ...three experiments, we demonstrate that vivid imagery is linked to greater use of metaphors and that this relationship is bi‐directional. We also show that this relationship is stronger in the context of negative valence. We demonstrate that vivid imagery results in greater generation of metaphors (in particular, for negative concepts). In examining the reverse direction of influence, we show that in the negative (rather than positive) context, use of metaphors results in greater perceptions of vividness. We suggest that vividness can be signified and produced by using metaphors that play an important role in meaning making and communication.
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