Heroizm w Gułagu Raźny, Anna
Kultura Słowian,
01/2018, Letnik:
XIV
Journal Article
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Dla podjętego tematu istotne jest znaczenie występujących w tytule pojęć. Heroizm wyraża aksjologiczny i metafizyczny wymiar poświęcenia człowieka w imię wartości fundamentalnych dla sensu i celu ...jego istnienia. To właśnie pojęcie podpowiada antropologiczno--filozoficzne kryteria interpretacji literatury stanowiącej świadectwo życia w łagrze. Gułag wnosi natomiast do tak określonej interpretacji perspektywę historyczno-ideologiczną. Prezentując postawy heroiczne w Gułagu, literatura łagrowa potwierdza określone przez Maxa Schelera znaczenie heroizmu jako postawy moralnej i zarazem egzystencjalnej. Wyrasta ona z pozycji przekraczania własnego ja w ofiarnym akcie poświęcenia w imię wybranych wysokich wartości duchowych, moralnych, kulturowych. W ofiarnym akcie ja ludzkiego (aż do ofiary własnego życia) ujawnia się metafizyczna istota wartości, dla której jest on dokonywany. Ujawnia się także perspektywa metafizycznej nadziei na inne – prawdziwe – życie, nade wszystko po śmierci. Heroizm w Gułagu stanowił nie tylko zaprzeczenie rozpaczy nicości, ale również świadectwo poświęcenia dla wartości przewyższającej system obozowy i ideologię komunizmu. Poświęcenie to oznaczało zgodę na cierpienie i śmierć w imię wybranej wartości. Literatura łagrowa podaje przykłady heroicznych postaw zajmowanych w imię religii, drugiego człowieka, wolności, rodziny, sztuki. Najbardziej reprezentatywne pod tym względem są utwory A. Sołżenicyna, W. Szałamowa, E. Giznburg, W. Bukowskiego. One też są przywoływane w niniejszej pracy.
First pages of Asclepius’s commentary to Aristotle’s Metaphysics contain several important testimonies regarding the origins of this work. One represents an attempt to explain the evident editorial ...flaws, such as discontinuities and lacunae, and on the other hand presence of repetitions and loanwords. These flaws are attributed to Aristotle’s disciple, Eudemus of Rhodes. The second piece of information concerns the presumable authorship of the book Alpha maior. It was supposedly written down by Eudemus’s nephew, Pasicles. Finally, we find a mention on Aristotle’s book On wisdom, which may refer both to the dialog On philosophy, as well as to the first books of Metaphysics. While commenting on the book, Asclepius provides a general assessment of the whole book, in which he sees a first lecture on divinity and elaboration of the most venerable of the sciences, philosophy, which is sometimes referred to as the first philosophy due to its priority to all other sciences and arts.
The epistemic value of metaphysics Arroyo, Raoni Wohnrath; Arenhart, Jonas R. Becker
Synthese (Dordrecht),
08/2022, Letnik:
200, Številka:
4
Journal Article
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It is sometimes argued that, given its detachment from our current most successful science, analytic metaphysics has no
epistemic value
because it contributes nothing to our knowledge of reality. ...Relatedly, it is also argued that metaphysics properly constrained by science can avoid that problem. In this paper we argue, however, that given the
current
understanding of the relation between science and metaphysics, metaphysics
allegedly
constrained by science suffers the same fate as its unconstrained sister; that is, what is currently thought of as scientifically respectful metaphysics may end up also being without epistemic value. The core of our claim is that although much emphasis is put on the supposed difference between unconstrained analytic metaphysics, in opposition to scientifically constrained metaphysics, it is largely forgotten that no clear constraining relation of metaphysics by science is yet available.
Several advocates of the lively field of “metaphysics of science” have recently argued that a naturalistic metaphysics should be based solely on current science, and that it should replace more ...traditional, intuition-based, forms of metaphysics. The aim of the present paper is to assess that claim by examining the relations between metaphysics of science and general metaphysics. We show that the current metaphysical battlefield is richer and more complex than a simple dichotomy between “metaphysics of science” and “traditional metaphysics”, and that it should instead be understood as a three dimensional “box”, with one axis distinguishing “descriptive metaphysics” from “revisionary metaphysics”, a second axis distinguishing a priori from a posteriori metaphysics, and a third axis distinguishing “commonsense metaphysics”, “traditional metaphysics” and “metaphysics of science”. We use this three-dimensional figure to shed light on the project of current metaphysics of science, and to demonstrate that, in many instances, the target of that project is not defined with enough precision and clarity.
O zasadach natury Aquinas, Thomas
Roczniki filozoficzne,
2016, 2016-00-00, Letnik:
64, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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This text is a translation of the treatise De principiis naturae (On the Principles of Nature), written by Thomas Aquinas. It provides a description of the basic questions occupying the philosophy of ...nature and metaphysics as Aquinas sees them. These questions are, first and foremost, the ones concerning the phenomenon of becoming, which, according to Aquinas, constitutes the basic object of investigations conducted by the philosopher of nature. In the treatise, Aquinas distinguishes substance from accidents; describes the composite of matter and form, the four kinds of causes and how they are related to one another; and, finally, presents different kinds of necessity and identity.
This article explains Schopenhauer's ʺEssay on Spirit Seeingʺ and his physiology of dream production and sets it in contrast to Nietzsche's understanding of dreams. The relationship of dreams to ...wakeful ideas about the world according to Schopenhauer is further developed with reference to passages from the Manuscript remains. As a result, the author proposes that the contrast between dream and wakeful realities sharpens the appreciation of wakefulness, and is not in conflict with reality (as Nietzsche had proposed). The sphere of representation as the location shared by dreams and wakeful realities is substantiated further with examples of dreams from the literary fiction of Wilkie Collins, Heiner Müller and Thomas Bernhard. These serve to emphasize the suprapersonal dynamics of dreams described by Schopenhauer. In conclusion, the author establishes parallels between dreams and literary fiction and notes that literary fiction, while not reality, may well be - in some instances at least - the truth about reality.
Neo-Carnapian deflationism is an approach to metaphysics that is currently enjoying a surge in popularity. The movement behind it takes inspiration from Carnap's (1950) paper Empiricism, Semantics ...and Ontology, and looks to deflate metaphysical questions and disputes, showing them to be insubstantial, since they turn on questions of language rather than metaphysics. I hold that this is all to the good. However, I argue that neo-Carnapianism is problematised by specific metasemantic assumptions, specifically the assumptions of representationalism. If we hold a representationalist view of language, then neo-Carnapianism fails. Over the course of this thesis, I will show how representationalism causes problems for the neo-Carnapian account, and argue for an alternative metasemantic approach - global expressivism - that we can substitute to save it. Global expressivism is itself a difficult position to make clear, so I will spend a significant amount of time demonstrating its core principles, before showing how to combine it with neo-Carnapianism, providing a deflationary approach to metasemantics to complement our deflationary approach to metaphysics.
Ted Sider suggests that the notion of grounding has an awkward dilemma at its foundation although the notion of grounding is an intellectual success (Sider 2, 2020). In my master’s thesis, I expound ...the dilemma of grounding and three viable solutions: the Aboutness Solution, the Bennettian Solution, and the Infinite Regress Solution. I argue that the Aboutness Solution is the best solution for the dilemma for the friends of grounding.