Aim: In order to prevent any microbiological contamination in laboratories, it is vital to determine both routine microbiological screening and the appropriate protocol. This study was based on this ...hypothesis and discussed the microbiological contamination and prevention procedures in an anatomy laboratory. Methods: The study was carried out on 34 different spots in an anatomy laboratory. Swab samples taken from these points were examined for contamination and contamination was detected. The samples were taken from various locations, including the head, upper and lower extremities of both male and female cadavers, the door handle, the floor in front of the door, the faucet, the head, body, and foot parts of the dissection table, the dissection tool, the trailer, the inner and outer coating of the cadaver pool, the sink, the floor in front of the window, the stool, the living room wall, the formaldehyde liquid in the cadaver pool, the window handle, the instrument table, the morgue unit, the exterior surfaces of three different organ storage boxes, the inner surface of an organ storage box, the medical waste container, the handle of the organ storage cabinet, a training model, the lower surface of the dissection table, the medical waste storage box for dissection, and the blackboard. Results: Bacillus subtilis was found in 16 out of 34 different spots and mold fungus was found in 2 of them. No contamination was detected in the remaining 16 spots. 69% of the spots were directly related to the cadaver. Conclusion: As a result of our study, the importance of scanning anatomy laboratories in terms of microbiological contamination was highlighted and an appropriate protocol was determined.
Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and ...found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes.
We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest.
From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths.
The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care, using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.
Infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens remain one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Rapid microbiological analysis is required for prompt treatment of ...bacterial infections and to facilitate antibiotic stewardship. This study reports an adaptable microfluidic system for rapid pathogen classification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) at the single-cell level. By incorporating tunable microfluidic valves along with real-time optical detection, bacteria can be trapped and classified according to their physical shape and size for pathogen classification. By monitoring their growth in the presence of antibiotics at the single-cell level, antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacteria can be determined in as little as 30 minutes compared with days required for standard procedures. The microfluidic system is able to detect bacterial pathogens in urine, blood cultures, and whole blood and can analyze polymicrobial samples. We pilot a study of 25 clinical urine samples to demonstrate the clinical applicability of the microfluidic system. The platform demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 83.33% for pathogen classification and achieved 100% concordance for AST.
Human health is at great risk due to the spreading of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The lengthy procedure of conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) usually requires a few days. We ...developed a fast Raman-assisted antibiotic susceptibility test (FRAST), which detects single bacterial metabolic activity in the presence of antibiotics, using Raman single-cell spectroscopy. It was found that single-cell Raman spectra (SCRS) would show a clear and distinguishable Raman band at the “silent zone” (2000–2300 cm–1), due to the active incorporation of deuterium from heavy water (D2O) by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This pilot study has compared the FRAST and the conventional AST for six clinical standard quality controls (four Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacteria strains) in response to 38 antibiotics. In total, 3200 treatments have been carried out and approximately 64 000 SCRS have been acquired for FRAST analysis. The result showed an overall agreement of 88.0% between the FRAST and the conventional AST assay. The gram-staining classification based on the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model of SCRS was developed, seamlessly coupling with the FRAST to further reduce the turnaround time. We applied the FRAST to real clinical analysis for nine urinary infectious samples and three sepsis samples. The results were consistent with MALDI-TOF identification and the conventional AST. Under the optimal conditions, the “sample to report” of the FRAST could be reduced to 3 h for urine samples and 21 h for sepsis samples. The FRAST provides fast and reliable susceptibility tests, which could speed up microbiological analysis for clinical practice and facilitate antibiotic stewardship.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological status of some farmed fish species marketed in Sharkia Governorate then compared with Egyptian standard of chilled fish. keeping ...quality parameters also examined (pH, TVN, TMA and TBA) and compared with Egyptian standard of chilled fish. A total of 150 samples of farmed fish of Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds 50 of each (25 Tilapia nilotica and 25 Mugil cephalus) respectively from the market in Sharkia governorate were examined during autumn 2021. For keeping quality parameters, all examined samples were within the acceptable limits according to ES (3494:2005). The obtained results of microbiological analysis revealed that the percentage of the exceeded permissible limits of aerobic plate count (APC) was 12% and 32%,20% and 16% ,12% and 20% for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds respectively. For total coliform count, all positive examined samples exceed permissible limits of coliform count (2 log10 CFU/g) according to ES (3494:2005). The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was 0% and 11%, 36%, and 32%, 16% and 12% for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds respectively. Listeria species were detected in 20% and 8% ,8% and 16% , 20% and 0% for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages ,concrete ponds and Earthen ponds, respectively. Escherichia coli was 24% and 20% ,8% and 16%, 16% and 20% for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds respectively. Salmonella species were 4% and 12% for both from Nile cages and from concrete ponds and 4% and 12% in earthen pond Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus respectively. Serological identification of E. coli, Salmonella and Listeria in these samples was showed in this search. So hygienic and proper practices performed during transportation and handling of fish are needed before consumption of this fish.
Perilla seed oil (PO) is a traditional Chinese edible oil with high nutritional and medicinal value. The physical and chemical indices, microbes, antioxidant properties, and fatty acids of 1%, 2%, ...3%, and 4% PO fortified yogurt stored at 4 °C for 28 days were studied. Adding PO promoted the pH value, water holding capacity, and antioxidant properties of potato blueberry yogurt. Fortified yogurt with 2% PO had the highest counts of B. animalis subsp. lactis BZ11 and L. plantarum subsp. plantarum LB12. S. thermophilus Q-1 positively affected the sensory of yogurt. PO significantly reduced the content of lactic acid, acetic acid, and malic acid in potato blueberry yogurt by acting on lactic acid bacteria. Fermentation and PO improved the composition of fatty acids in yogurt and made it more nutritive value. PO could be used as a promising fortifier for the development of functional yogurt.
•Yogurts were fortified with Perilla Seed Oil (PO) at 1, 2, 3, 4% levels.•PO inhibited LAB decrease and promoted reduction of tartaric, citric and malic acids.•PO inhibited lactic acid production, increased antioxidation and yogurt shelf life.•Adding PO made the ω6/ω3 in yogurt reach a recommended level.•PO helped S. thermophilus to reduce organic acid and improved the sensory of yogurt.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium alginate (ALG) coating incorporated with Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss essential oil (FAEO, 10 and 20 mg/mL), nisin (N, 500 and ...1000 IU/mL), and NaCl (2 %) on microbial (lactic acid bacteria, LAB; total viable bacteria, TVC; psychrotrophic bacteria; Pseudomonas; Enterobacteriaceae, and yeast and mold), chemical (pH, PV, TVB-N, and TBARS), sensory (color, odor, texture, and overall acceptance), and antioxidant properties of refrigerated (4 °C) chicken breasts. GC–MS analysis revealed that trans-β-ocimene (45.36 %) and α-pinene (18.01 %) constituted most of the components in FAEO. The antioxidant properties of FAEO were evaluated via the DPPH method. The IC50 value of FAEO was 562 mg/mL. The results of antimicrobial evaluations indicated that there was no significant difference between control and ALG treatments (p > 0.05). The highest antimicrobial effect was associated with ALG + FAEO2 + N2 + NaCl treatment. The logarithmic reduction of the TVC, psychrotrophic count, Pseudomonas count, Enterobacteriaceae, LAB, as well as yeast and mold count in the ALG + FAEO2 + N2 + NaCl treatment were 1.40, 0.92, 1.20, 1.02, 0.88, and 1 log CFU/g, respectively compared to the control treatment. The initial level of TVB-N in the control treatment was 8.26 mg/100 g, which reached 42.84 mg/100 g at the end of the storage period. In ALG+ FAEO2 + N2 + NaCl treatment, the lowest TVB-N was observed, being 36.37 mg/100 g at the end of the storage period. The initial level of PV in the control treatment was 0.14 meq/kg, which reached 3.04 meq/kg at the end of the storage period. In the treatments containing FAEO, PV was lower than in other treatments, indicating the antioxidant properties of FAEO. There was a significant difference between control and other treatments in pH and TBARS evaluation (p < 0.05). The samples treated with FAEO had a lower pH than control. At the end of the storage period, the TBARS level in the control treatment reached 1.20 mg MDA/kg, while in the treatment of ALG+ FAEO2 + N2 + NaCl treatment, its level was 0.36 mg MDA/kg. The results of sensory properties indicated that in evaluating the color, odor, texture, and overall acceptance on the final days, treatments containing FAEO, nisin, and NaCl had higher scores due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In conclusion, this study indicated that adding FAEO, nisin, and NaCl to ALG coating would enhance the shelf-life of chicken meat.
•The main compound of Ferulago angulata essential oil (FAEO) was trans-β-Ocimene.•FAEO showed antioxidant and antibacterial activities.•Sodium alginate (ALG) edible coating containing FAEO, nisin and NaCl were prepared.•These antimicrobial agents, when used in combination, showed stronger effect.•The prepared coatings were used to increase the quality and shelf life of chicken breast.
Natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents are innovative alternatives to commercial preservatives. In the present study, phycocyanin (PC), as a strong antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, was ...encapsulated into nanoliposomes. Then, PC-loaded nanoliposomes (PCNL) were incorporated into the soy protein films (SPI) at four concentrations (1, 5, 10 and 20 g/100g) to improve the shelf-life of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during 15 days of cold storage. Thus, our novelty in this research was to include a nanoliposome in an edible/biodegradable film to enhance the shelf life of a sea product. This innovative approach demonstrated significant improvements in film properties, including enhanced barrier characteristics, optical qualities, and mechanical strength. Furthermore, PCNL-incorporated SPI films exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity when compared to control films. The encapsulation process extended the release of PC into water, reaching 210 min. Importantly, the results revealed that SPI films containing PCNL effectively inhibited the growth of total aerobic plate count, total volatile basic nitrogen content, and pH changes in white shrimp, providing a promising solution to extend the shelf life of seafood products while reducing the reliance on commercial preservatives. This research showcases the potential of nanoliposome-embedded edible films as an effective means of food preservation in seafoods.
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•Phycocyanin-loaded nanoliposomes were distributed uniformly in SPI films.•Phycocyanin and lecithin in nanoliposome interacted physically.•Shrimp freshness indices were kept exclusively through successful encapsulation.
Because the diagnosis of co/superinfection in COVID-19 patients is challenging, empirical antibiotic therapy is frequently initiated until microbiological analysis results. We evaluated the ...performance and the impact of the BioFire® FilmArray® Pneumonia plus Panel on 112 respiratory samples from 67 COVID-19 ICU patients suspected of co/superinfections. Globally, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 89.3% and 99.1%, respectively. Positive tests led to antibiotic initiation or adaptation in 15% of episodes and de-escalation in 4%. When negative, 28% of episodes remained antibiotic-free (14% no initiation, 14% withdrawal). Rapid multiplex PCRs can help to improve antibiotic stewardship by administering appropriate antibiotics earlier and avoiding unnecessary prescriptions.
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