Altitudinal bird migration involves annual seasonal movements up and down elevational gradients. Despite the fact that species from montane avifaunas worldwide engage in altitudinal migration, the ...patterns, causes, and prevalence of these movements are poorly understood. This is particularly true in North America where the overwhelming majority of avian migration research has focused on obligate, long-distance, temperate–tropical movements. Elsewhere in the world, most altitudinal migrants are partial migrants, making downhill movements to nonbreeding areas. However, spatial and temporal patterns, the prevalence and predictability of migration at individual and population levels, and the ultimate ecological factors selecting for movement behavior vary considerably among taxa and regions. I conducted a systematic survey of the evidence for altitudinal migration to fill gaps in our understanding of this behavior among the landbirds of North America and Hawaii. Altitudinal migration was as prevalent as in other avifaunas, occurring in >20% of continental North American and nearly 30% of Hawaiian species. Of the species wintering within the USA and Canada, ∼30% engage in altitudinal migrations. Altitudinal migrants are far more common in the West, are taxonomically and ecologically diverse, and North American species exhibit patterns similar to altitudinal migrants elsewhere in the world. Because altitudinal migration systems are relatively tractable, they present excellent opportunities for testing hypotheses regarding migration generally. Altitudinal migration has likely been overlooked in North America due to contingency in the history of ornithological research. Our need to understand the patterns and causes of altitudinal migrations has never been greater due to emerging environmental threats to montane systems.
Im Dilemma zwischen Selbstbestimmung und Integration, Wiesbaden, Springer, 2014, 452 S., euro 69,99. Den Anfang macht Daniel Schamburek (4.1) Er versucht zu einem Problem 16 Lösungen zu finden und ...deutet seinen Werkstattbericht zur Varianz institutioneller Arrangements in der Politik der Migration und der Integration anhand der deutschen Bundesländer. Roma-Integration als Beispiel für den transnationalen Minderheitenschutz" versteht man ein Forschungsgebiet, das häufig unterbewertet und wenig erforscht wurde.
The thesis provides detailed insights into the internal migration experiences of parents and children and the varying impacts of internal migration on the lived experiences of primary aged school ...children in Vietnam. Applying the articles of the United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), concepts from the sociology of childhood and the ecological approach, the thesis illustrates how the experiences of internal migrant children and their access to education rights are situated and contextual, and how they reflect (and are refracted through) a combination of social structural factors (economic and political - the exosystem level), family factors (parental experiences, expectations and own educational experiences - the macrosystem level) and school factors (teacher and peer relations - the microsystem level). These provide the wider context within which the individual children are located and through which they give voice to their own experiences. Using qualitative approaches with children between the ages of 8-10 years and semistructured interviews with parents and schoolteachers, the thesis illustrates the voices and needs of children and families in detailed and rich commentary. Given that there are very few studies applying these frameworks to elicit and understand the views and experiences of Vietnamese children about internal migration and their schooling, this thesis helps addresses this gap and in so doing provides knowledge that can assist in future policy and practice responses.
This thesis examines notions of borders, home, belonging and futurity in contexts of forced migration and refugeehood. Situated at the intersection of migration and refugee studies, transnational ...feminist theory, critical human geography and critical theory, my work takes an interdisciplinary approach to literary narratives, engaging in a close reading/analysis of a selected number of Palestinian, Syrian, and Iraqi literary works of exile. As articulations that weave the subjective with the social, the symbolic with the actual, literary narratives of displacement and exile constitute an important - and often neglected - source of knowledge that problematises representations of refugees as either victims or humanitarian subjects. They uniquely convey the intricate relationship between the sensorial, the affective and the social that structures journeys of displacement and exile My research offers a critique of the treatment of exile as a metaphor for transcending fixed conceptions of identity within cultural and postcolonial literary studies. Instead, I engage with exile in its material sense and foreground the exilic lived realities of those who cross physical borders and the affective impact of such crossing on them. My interrogation of borders, home, belonging and futurity within the selected literary works highlights the entanglement of the subjective and the structural, the personal and the political in refugee and exiled subjects' navigation of the journey of displacement. In this way, my research acknowledges the structural power relations that affect lived experiences of displacement, as well as the agency of refugee subjects in how they challenge and negotiate structures of power. Furthermore, I attend to the spatial and temporal dimensions of exile and refugeehood. Space and time, I argue, are essential to understanding lived experiences of displacement, and to recognising the subjectivity of refugees and their embodied, affective, and psychic negotiation of uprooting and re-grounding. The thesis contributes to migration and refugee studies through its engagement with literary articulations of exile and displacement. It centres the emotional, embodied, and affective dimensions of migratory journeys through its explorations of themes of borders, home, belonging and futurity. The thesis argues that attending to the entanglement of the sensorial and the structural offers a more nuanced understanding of exiled subjects' lived realities.
This thesis examines the 1690s Scottish migration to Ulster, an often assumed rather than studied part of history. Consideration is given to the similarities and differences of Scotland and Ulster's ...societies, economies, politics and religion, and their role in encouraging this migration. It also uncovers the impact of this influx on Ulster's leases during this period, thereby demonstrating the push and pull factors that contributed to this migration. Greater insight is given to the 1690s migrant demographic, with an especial focus on their social status, regional origin and religious affiliation. The impact of return and ministerial migration through the North Channel is also assessed. Furthermore, an analysis of the economic and political influence of these migrants on Ulster's society provides an understanding of the overwhelmingly negative reaction, rhetoric and reception afforded to Scottish migrants to the northern province in the 1690s. In addition, a comparison is made between the early-modern 1690s migration and modern-day migrant experiences to demonstrate that 'migrant fear' is not a new ideology, and create a relatable association. All of these aspects shed light on the cultural and historical influence of this migration on Ulster, still apparent in today's society. Therefore, it is hoped that this study contributes to an important part of Scottish and Irish history.
Forced migration has recently reached an all-time record. With the flows of forced migrants across Europe, and the states' responses to the forcible movement of people focusing on 'migration ...management' on one hand while pushing for the agendas of resilience building on the other, it is vitally important to question the effectiveness of resilience strategies for those experiencing forced migration first-hand in the developed countries. This thesis provides a critical understanding of social resilience, as a process rather than an outcome, in the context of forced migrant families in the UK. In developing a framework based upon family migration this research advances contemporary discussions of forced migration and resilience in geography, as it investigates the experiences of participants in their social environment and employs both actor-oriented and constructivist social resilience approaches in doing so. To achieve this aim, the thesis draws on empirical research conducted in Plymouth, UK, a city in the South West of England with relatively little ethnic diversity yet operates as a dispersal centre for asylum seekers. The methods combined focus-groups with forced migration third sector, in-depth interviews with forced-migrant families from Arab countries, and participant observation in the case study. The findings highlight family changes during the process of forced migration and the subjective ways in which building resilience is managed and articulated in and through forced migrant families experiencing periods of acute stress and anxiety. They show the complex ways by which family practices and homemaking, knowledge, culture, and spirituality are associated with building and developing social resilience in families. The analysis stresses the importance of formal and informal connections in managing existing and new forms of bonding, and bridging capitals through the transitional process of resettlement. It emphasises the significance of power and agency in shaping the process of building resilience and managing its varied determinants, and in doing so it emphasises the importance of recognising family resilience as a non-linear and subjective process. The study introduces a visualised framework reflects its understanding of building social resilience as a complex, an ongoing in-the-making process. This study contributes to knowledge by enhancing understandings of the varied practices and performances of family, and of home as a temporal, multi-scalar, and multi-sited set of socio-spatial processes. It signifies the flaws in the perception of family that is held by immigration policies. Understanding family social resilience as a subjective process also adds to academic debates that challenge viewing social resilience as linear with a positive, upward trajectory.
This thesis is a comparative - intergenerational and interregional - history of Asia Minor memories and identities of forced displacement that examines the multilayered relationship between ...contemporary attitudes and refugee past. In light of the centenary of the Asia Minor population transfer and the current migration and refugee crises, this study explores refugee memories and identities of expulsion, their intergenerational transmission, and the way people with these memories think about subsequent migrations. While focusing on the case of Greece, the research questions that this thesis addresses are: How have memories of the 1922-24 forced displacement changed over time from one generation to the next? How do people with these memories and identities think about subsequent migration? Following a regional history approach and an oral history approach, this study draws upon literature from several disciplines and rests upon oral testimony. Specifically, it employs a methodology of collecting primary sources using oral testimonies (262 life history interviews) and archival evidence (5000 oral testimonies) based on three regional case studies, namely the borderland island of Lesvos, Central Macedonia in northern Greece, and Attica. Refugee identity is a capacious and dynamic platform of ongoing understanding as well as a limited space of domination and competition. Elucidating the attitudes of refugee descendants and unfolding key patterns about the complex role of refugee memory and identity, this thesis brings together the intersection of three interlocking elements, time (refugee generations), place (refugee locations), and subsequent migration (waves of other migrations). In short, Coming to Terms with Forced Migration sheds light on the convoluted relationship between contemporary attitudes and refugee past, providing a nuanced history of the 1922-24 memories and identities of forced displacement.
This thesis focuses on Korean-Chinese migrant youth (KCMY) in South Korea. Migrant youth have rather often been portrayed as passive beings reliant on parental decisions in family migration. In South ...Korea, youth migration has recently begun to attract social and policy attention as numbers have grown. There is little research on this group's migration processes and experiences in their daily lives; a research gap to which this thesis is oriented. The thesis aims to explore the factors and processes influencing how KCMY negotiate their positionalities and belonging according to spatial contexts in their migration process. It draws on results from empirical research in Seoul, South Korea; interviews with KCMY aged 15 to 19 and with migrant organisation staff and policymakers, and through observations in social settings. I argue that KCMY who are involved in migration across their lifespan shift their positionalities and belonging by negotiating their identities in the situated contexts. Their experiences as left-behind children affect their identities and social positions both in their home and host societies. They try to place themselves in the most appropriate position in the social and spatial context by expressing or hiding certain identities among their multiple identities. This strategic positioning demonstrates that they are not just marginalised and passive in the host society but are flexible in utilising their in-betweenness according to the situated context. Their in-betweenness may play a role as a foundation for them to develop their future plans as transmigrants and in consideration of the social, economic and political conditions of both South Korea and China. Therefore, this thesis argues that the exploration of positionalities and belonging of migrant youth in their daily spaces is essential to understand the impact of migration across their lifespan and the ways they utilise situated social and spatial contexts.
Social networks' influence on migration has long been explored largely through the lenses of cumulative causation and social capital theory. This article aims to reconceptualize elements of these ...theories for the case of rural–urban migration and test their utility in explaining first-migration timing. We use a uniquely extensive social network survey linked to prospectively collected migration data in rural Senegal. We decompose migrant networks into return migrants, current migrants, and nonmigrant residents of the destination to capture heterogeneity in migration-relevant social capital. As expected, the number of nonmigrant alters living in the capital, Dakar, has an outsized association with the migration hazard, the number of current migrants from the village living in Dakar has a smaller association, and the number of return migrants has little association. Drawing on social capital theory, we test the influence of (1) subjectively assessed tie strength between the ego and their network alters and (2) structurally weak ties measured through second-order (“friend of a friend”) connections. Weak and strong subjective ties to current migrants and nonmigrant Dakar residents are positively associated with the first-migration hazard. Structurally weak ties to current migrants are too, but only for individuals with no direct ties to current migrants.
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