Virtualization has become a key technology for simplifying service management and reducing energy costs in data centers. One of the challenges faced by data centers is to decide when, how, and which ...virtual machines (VMs) have to be consolidated into a single physical server. Server consolidation involves VM migration, which has a direct impact on service response time. Most of the existing solutions for server consolidation rely on eager migrations, which try to minimize the number of physical servers running VMs. These solutions generate unnecessary migrations due to unpredictable workloads that require VM resizing. This paper proposes an LP formulation and heuristics to control VM migration, which prioritize virtual machines with steady capacity. We performed experiments using TU-Berlin and Google data center workloads to compare our migration control strategy against existing eager-migration-based solutions. We observed that avoiding migration of VMs with steady capacity reduces the number of migrations with minimal penalty in the number of physical servers.
► An LP formulation and heuristics to enable dynamic consolidation controlling the migration of virtual machines with steady capacity demand. ► Detailed evaluation using workloads from real data centers: TU-Berlin and Google. ► As main finding: this work shows that avoiding migration of VMs with steady capacity reduces the number of migrations with minimal penalty for the number of physical servers.
This special issue makes an in depth analysis of the various and complex interactions between precarious (i.e. forced, vulnerable, undocumented or deported) migrants' emancipatory practices enabled ...by information and communication technologies, and the constraints created by technological tools used for surveillance and migration control. It explores the empowerment-control nexus by articulating the use of digital technologies - whether by migrants themselves, by civil society actors, or by institutions - with their mediating role in the processes of empowerment, surveillance and migration control. It gathers together seven articles that draw on original empirical studies conducted across various geographical zones (European Union, Switzerland, France, Romania, Greece, Turkey, Mexico and the United States), and different disciplines (anthropology, sociology, geography, media studies, law, and deportation studies). Building on this diversity, this collection of papers embraces the richness of several theoretical lenses and reflects the varying degrees of (dis)entanglement between individual and institutional practices, at micro and macro scales, as well as local, national and supranational levels.
Many governments use social policies as a tool of post-entry migration control, but we still do not know their impact on the life chances of migrants. To fill this gap, this article examines the ...impact of social policies as a tool of migration control on the life chances of migrants in Switzerland. The data suggest that the new amendments to the Foreign Nationals Act (2019), which provide for the downgrading or revocation of residence permits in case of dependence on social assistance, may have had three main consequences for migrants: delays in procedures, fear and non-take-up of social benefits, and new obstacles to family reunification.
This paper captures the on-going "talent war" between Chinese cities by studying how municipal governments have coordinated migration settlement policies and subsidized rental housing policies to ...restructure the labour force for economic upgrading. Policies in four cities, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Chongqing are coded and reviewed in detail to show the hierarchical and intersectoral policy coordination. The hierarchical analyses explain the responsibilities of the governments at each level. The cross-sectoral analyses reveal how domestic migration and housing policies are tightly knit together to support the local economic upgrading. The case studies of four cities show that the local policies are structurally aligned with the central guidelines, and the local governments adjust the thresholds for key indicators in the policies to attract or exclude migrants to reflect the local economic agenda and population control targets. This research showcases how the local governments in China try to balance between central mandates and local interests. The paradigm shift from pro-GDP growth to economic upgrading has clearly affected the local governments' attitudes towards migrants. City authorities introduce selective migration strategies in response to the pressure to control population growth.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The special issue: Migration Trajectories and Transnational Support Within and Beyond Europe brings together a set of papers with fresh empirical analysis from diverse settings documenting the ...experiences of migrants residing within and beyond the boundaries of Europe. This introductory article has the objective of laying the groundwork for a better understanding of how migration trajectories are shaped and continued in the contexts of transnational (social) networks and migration control. Firstly, we argue that migration journeys are not necessarily linear and unidirectional movements from origin to destination countries, nor are they clearly demarcated events in time and space. On the contrary, we highlight the dynamic and changing nature of migration trajectories. Secondly, we examine different types of relevant actors who provide support for migrants during their journeys. We focus on transnational social networks and transnationally operating institutions and human smugglers, which influence and facilitate or disrupt migration trajectories. Subsequently, based on the premise that migrants' social networks, expectations, motivations and needs change throughout the migration process, we discuss the ways in which transnational support in a context of migration control relates to the lives of migrants on the move.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper approaches the African-European migration industry as a complex web of relations in which different actors liaise, objectives oppose each other, and roles overlap. Starting from this ...notion, the question emerges: How do migrants navigate this fuzzy web of migration facilitation/control? To answer this question, this paper uses a 'trajectory ethnography' that follows the im/mobility processes of migrants from West - and Central Africa to, and inside, Europe. In so doing, it particularly focuses on two practices that are related to the concept of social navigation. First, it concerns débrouillardise, a term that points to the power of improvisation, creativity and hustling. Second, it regards social negotiation, a term referring to the process of how migrants 'massage' their relations with important actors in the field. The findings stress the relational dimension of the migration industry in the sense that the functioning of one actor depends so much on the intentions and efforts of others. I conclude that we could enhance our knowledge on migration industries with studies that constantly shift between the perspective of the migrant, the social network, the facilitator and controller. Such a dynamic approach unpacks further the multiple efforts that produce migrant im/mobility.
This article introduces this special issue of the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. In it, we present and discuss the concept of welfare state bordering. The notion of welfare state bordering ...that we develop refers to state-authorised practices of managing access to social rights based on residence, migrancy, and/or citizenship in a given socio-political order. These practices are in most cases implemented by national and local governments and institutions, but welfare state bordering can be implemented by various actors to whom the state has granted the power to manage access to rights, services and residence. We situate the notion of welfare state bordering in the scholarship on borders and bordering practices. We offer an overview of the four welfare state contexts discussed in this issue: the United Kingdom, Germany, Finland and Norway. We examine the ways in which various forms of welfare state bordering practices in these countries generate different configurations of exclusion and inclusion for both noncitizens and marginalised citizens on various inter-related levels of governance.
Building upon the concept of migration regime, this open access book brings together the works of scholars who have investigated logics and routines of action in the field of immigration control ...within a single and innovative theoretical framework. The chapters cover a wide range of policy domains, from visa policy to the externalisation of controls, labour migration to asylum, internal controls towards irregular migration to restrictions for intra-EU mobility. By unravelling organisational strategies and practices across Europe, the book does not only contribute to dismantling the very idea of the European North-South divide in migration but also shows how Europe really works in the field of migration in times of deep economic, asylum and health crises. In this perspective, the book questions the widespread understanding of migration control outcomes as simply the result of more or less effective state policies without considering the embeddedness of the national policy goals and strategies in the dynamic interplay of different economies, institutional cultures and geopolitical positions.
Migrant Smuggling TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, ANNA
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,
03/2018, Letnik:
676, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This article offers a critical review of how migrant smuggling arises out of restrictive migration policies and how it has become increasingly sophisticated and professionalized. Reflecting on the ...innovative empirical findings presented in the contributions to this volume of The ANNALS, I highlight how migration control has hardened borders, disrupted cross-border flows of goods and people, and transformed local economies. Understanding better the relationship between migration control policies and migrant smuggling and the social and moral nature of the agent-customer transactions has important implications for the policies adopted to address irregular migration and migrant smuggling on both sides of the Atlantic.
Abstract In recent years, the Mediterranean crossings have reconfirmed their status as the most perilous routes for migrants attempting to reach European shores, with a significantly high number of ...deaths. In response, the Italian government has implemented various strategies aimed at reducing the number of landings and controlling irregular migration. This research evaluates the impact of these measures on the dynamics of migrant smuggling, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It examines the effectiveness of these measures and their influence on the adaptation of routes, methods, and organization of criminal groups involved in smuggling. The study emphasizes that while the measures to curb irregular immigration have had a limited direct impact on overall migratory flows and primary routes, they have indirectly influenced smugglers’ strategies. The study is grounded in empirical data sourced from interviews with expert witnesses and judicial investigations conducted by Italian prosecutors, with a comprehensive analysis of quantitative data. The findings aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of irregular migration in the Mediterranean and the impacts of policy interventions.
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