Arms production in interwar Czechoslovakia has been a fascinating subject to research. The development of Czechoslovak weapons production was remarkably interesting as it was influenced by many ...political, military, and economic factors. The arms industry was obviously a particular branch that, together with arms exports, represented a matter that was also very politically delicate. In the 1930s, the rapid revitalization of the armament industry played an important role in the Czechoslovak economy. The armament boom helped the Czechoslovak economy to achieve better results and improved the situation in many branches of the Czechoslovak industry. However, high defense expenditures represented a rather dangerous phenomenon, with possible negative effects on the Czechoslovak economy in the long run. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Notwithstanding current disarray, the post-cold war US-Japan alliance has enjoyed its most cohesive status in its history. Japan altered its passive cold war alliance policy and became a more active ...and equal partner with the United States. Even though there exist many explanations of what has caused this cohesiveness, there is hardly any attempt to substantiate the level of alliance cohesion itself. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate the cohesion of this alliance by employing concrete operational indicators: homogeneity in goals, threat perception, strategic compatibility and command structure. By investigating how these operational indicators have changed over time, the author proves substantially that the post-cold war US-Japan alliance has developed more cohesively.
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The rise of apartheid in South Africa coincided with a rapid development of nuclear energy and military technology despite the gross domestic product's (GDP) decline from the 1982 peak value of about ...US$87 billion. The economic growth during this period was constrained by international sanctions against the regime. Under democratic rule when the worth of the national economy is of the order of a US$1 trillion and the GDP at US$286 billion in 2010, the tide of the erosion of the nuclear technology that was induced prior to the demise of apartheid has yet to be turned. This overview highlights South African nuclear developments, attempts to explain the contrast between the historical and current political forces behind them and raises the need to heed some of the lessons that have been learnt.
We show that regional instability, defined as political instability in neighboring countries, has a strong negative effect on a country's economic performance. The magnitude of this negative ...externality is similar in size to that of an equivalent increase in domestic political instability. We also identify two main channels through which regional instability lowers economic performance. First, regional instability disrupts trade flows. The shares of merchandise and manufactured trade are lower in countries with high regional instability. Second, regional instability leads to increased military outlays. Defense expenditures are higher in countries with high regional instability. In contrast, the share of government expenditures allocated to education is lower in countries with politically unstable neighbors. Our results suggest the existence of negative spillovers among politically unstable neighboring countries. These adverse regional influences should be taken into account when projecting the future economic performance of countries. The evidence presented also suggests that the gains from reducing regional instability extend far beyond the welfare of the country experiencing political unrest. Policies directed at settling current territorial disputes in a peaceful and orderly manner can have large beneficial effects for parties not directly involved in the conflict.
This article contains a critical review of the literature on the economics of military affairs in Greece and Turkey as of December 1999. In particular, I review (a) arms race models; (b) models of ...the demand for military expenditure; (c) models measuring the economic impact of military expenditure; and (d) literature and issues related to indigenous arms production. I conclude with a number of summary lessons and observations of how future research might improve upon the existing body of work.
This essay undertakes a comparative review of radical innovation in the early Cold War, when UK jet propulsion development far outpaced any US efforts. British ingenuity created a series of jet ...engines which Americans adopted. One among these, which captures contrasting organisational formats for handling complexity and innovation, was the Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire, a tough, reliable propulsion system. The USAF's licence assigned production to Curtiss-Wright, which had made piston engines for decades and which spectacularly botched the project, wasting millions. Eventually, the Pentagon shifted the J-65 American Sapphire to GM's Buick division, which finally fabricated adequate but obsolete engines in the mid-1950s.
Diplomacy rests on the proper tools and the successful implementation of communication. This article examines the impact of the tone of messages sent between opponents in a simulated crisis game. ...Findings are that hostile communications precipitate higher amounts of weapons purchasing and lower allotments of money to industrial production. Additional findings are that leaders who engage in friendly communications are more likely to negotiate, whereas those who exchange hostile messages are more likely to initiate or continue a war.
To investigate the direct and indirect effects of defense spending on economic growth, the authors develop a multilink (via investment, employment, and exports) defense-growth model and test it with ...U.S. data for the time period from 1951 to 2000. By doing so, they advance previous scholarship on the indirect effects of the defense-growth trade-off through both a theoretical and empirical investigation of multiple indirect channels. Using a nonlinear four-sector production function model that incorporates labor, capital, technology, and exports, they test the direct and indirect impacts of defense spending on growth. Defense spending has a negative, indirect effect on economic growth via investment and export while the direct impact on growth seems to be rather small. Nonmilitary government spending has economic effects on growth that are similar to those associated with military spending.
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