Blame for the putative failure of liberalism in late-nineteenth-century Japan and China has often been placed on an insufficient grasp of modernity among East Asian leaders or on their cultural ...commitments to traditional values. InPersonal Liberty and Public Good, Douglas Howland refutes this view, turning to the central text of liberalism in that era: John Stuart Mill?sOn Liberty.
Howland offers absorbing analyses of the translations of the book into Japanese and Chinese, which at times reveal astonishing emendations. As with their political leaders, Mill?s Japanese and Chinese translators feared individual liberty could undermine the public good and standards for public behaviour, and so introduced their own moral values ? Christianity and Confucianism, respectively? intoOn Liberty, filtering its original meaning. Howland mirrors this mistrust of individual liberty in Asia with critiques of the work in England, which itself had trouble adopting liberalism.
Personal Liberty and Public Goodis a compelling addition to the corpus of writing on the work of John Stuart Mill. It will be of great interest to historians of political thought, liberalism, and translation, as well as scholars of East Asian studies.
Nicholas Capaldi's 2004 biography of John Stuart Mill traces the ways in which Mill's many endeavours are related and explores the significance of Mill's contribution to metaphysics, epistemology, ...ethics, social and political philosophy, the philosophy of religion, and the philosophy of education. He shows how Mill was groomed for his life by both his father James Mill, and Jeremy Bentham, the two most prominent philosophical radicals of the early nineteenth century. Yet Mill revolted against this education and developed friendships with both Thomas Carlyle and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who introduced him to Romanticism and political conservatism. A special feature of this biography is the attention devoted to his relationship with Harriet Taylor. No one exerted a greater influence than the woman he was eventually to marry. Nicholas Capaldi reveals just how deep her impact was on Mill's thinking about the emancipation of women.
Batch grinding kinetics with assumptions is applied to continuous tube milling to describe the grinding performance, relating the degree of size reduction to the milling conditions including the ...scale-up variables. As to the scale-up effect on the degree of size reduction, the trend predicted is confirmed with that observed in industrial cement mills in reasonable agreement. The equation of the grinding performance alone, however, does not evaluate the mill diameter and the length individually nor guarantee the powder filling to be a desired level. Then, it is proposed to use one more equation representing the material hold-up (or the powder filling) in relation to the milling conditions. That is, the solution of the two simultaneous equations enables the two variables (the mill diameter and the length) to be evaluated, satisfying the powder filling to be a desired value.
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•Batch grinding kinetics with assumptions is applied to continuous milling.•The grinding performance or the size reduction is related to milling conditions.•The scale-up effect on size reduction is confirmed with cement mill data.•The material hold-up equation assures the powder filling level as desired.•Simultaneous use of grinding performance and hold-up equations is demonstrated.
Contract cheating, where students recruit a third party to undertake their assignments, is frequently reported to be increasing, presenting a threat to academic standards and quality. Many incidents ...involve payment of the third party, often a so-called “Essay Mill,” giving contract cheating a commercial aspect. This study synthesized findings from prior research to try and determine how common commercial contract cheating is in Higher Education, and test whether it is increasing. It also sought to evaluate the quality of the research evidence which addresses those questions. Seventy-one samples were identified from 65 studies, going back to 1978. These included 54,514 participants. Contract cheating was self-reported by a historic average of 3.52% of students. The data indicate that contract cheating is increasing; in samples from 2014 to present the percentage of students admitting to paying someone else to undertake their work was 15.7%, potentially representing 31 million students around the world. A significant positive relationship was found between time and the percentage of students admitting to contract cheating. This increase may be due to an overall increase in self-reported cheating generally, rather than contract cheating specifically. Most samples were collected using designs which makes it likely that commercial contract cheating is under-reported, for example using convenience sampling, with a very low response rate and without guarantees of anonymity for participants. Recommendations are made for future studies on academic integrity and contract cheating specifically.
There is a growing trend to ameliorate local flour sources to substitute wheat flour. Sorghum grain's nutritional profile is comparable to that of wheat but it is gluten-free and can be consumed by ...celiac patients. They can be used to provide much-needed healthy alternatives to the grain industry. Hammer, burr, and ball mills were utilized for polished raw and parboiled sorghum flour production to study the effect of various milling techniques on sorghum flour properties. The physico-chemical, functional, rheological, and structural attributes of the different milled white sorghum flours were analyzed. The highest recovery of sorghum flour was from the ball mill 97.46 ± 0.48% and 97.43 ± 0.26% for raw and microwave parboiled sorghum flour, respectively. The particle size of the flour samples produced by the hammer mill have lower geometric mean diameters (raw - 64.26 ± 1.26 μm, and microwave parboiled - 108.93 ± 1.92 μm) than those obtained using other mills. Considering that, particle size is a major determinant of quality. While porosity increased, bulk and true density decreased at higher particle. There is a less significant difference in proximate composition among the samples. The crystallinity value of raw samples follows the order ball mill (BA) (34.08%) > burr mill (BU) (31.54) > hammer mill (HM) (28.96%), and microwave parboiled samples follow the order parboiled ball mill (PBA) (13.58%) > parboiled burr (PBU) (12.86%) > parboiled hammer (PHM) (11.25%). The thermal, and pasting characteristics of the polished raw and microwave-parboiled white sorghum flours were considerably influenced by the type of mills.
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•The flour samples produced by the hammer mill were finer.•Milling yield followed the increasing order as burr mill < hammer mill < ball mill.•Thermal properties were increased in parboiled flour compared to raw.•Hammer mill samples show more loss of crystallinity compared to other mills.
This paper is focused on the investigation of a land filled Hungarian fly ash (Tiszaújváros dumpsite) as a main component of geopolymer. After determination of the fly ash properties such as particle ...size distribution, moisture content, real and bulk density and specific surface area, mechanical activation by fine grinding of the fly ash sample was performed in laboratory scale ball mill, vibratory mill and stirred media mill in order to improve its reactivity. Grinding kinetics was determined in each mill. The geopolymer cylindrical specimens were prepared and their uniaxial compressive strength was measured. The structure of the fly ash and the geopolymer was monitored by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD); furthermore, the morphology was examined using optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, Isothermal Conduction Calorimetry (ICC) measurements were carried out in order to determine the reactivity of the mechanically activated fly ash samples. As a result of the investigation, the relationship between the grinding process, the ground material properties and the geopolymer characteristics was established. It was found that the strength of the specimen strongly depends on the grinding conditions, i.e. type of mill, residence time.
•The finest fly ash could be produced using the stirred media mill with the lowest energy demand.•Grinding caused considerable change in the fly ash morphology and fineness.•The compressive strength of the geopolymer can be reasonably controlled by grinding of fly ash.•The increasing of grinding time resulted in higher ICC exotherm peak maxima.
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