This article traces the evolution of the American policy from 1947 of persuading the Western nations to embargo the export to the Soviet Union, and after 1949 to the PRC, of all technology or ...machinery used in the production of military weapons. The recent war demonstrated that technology would win the future wars and the communist countries must be stopped from stealing the West’s technology. The Truman administration drew up long lists of items to be banned, and the President Eisenhower continued the process with US embassy officials policing the operation. The Kennedy administration lessened the intensity of its ban that slightly favoured China although President Johnson reimposed the prohibitions and it was left to President Nixon along with Dr. Kissinger to lessen the East–West trade embargo and soften the relationships.
Questo lavoro si basa sull'idea che le lingue sono sempre il risultato di
un processo di elaborazione sociale che comporta, in primo luogo, la
costruzione e legittimazione di una certa ...rappresentazione della realtà linguistica (sempre molto più eterogenea da quello suggerito dalla
rappresentazione) e quindi l'accettazione di questa rappresentazione
dai parlanti come il loro linguaggio proprio e autentico. Per
raggiungere quest'ultimo obiettivo dovrebbe essere prodotto un
legame emotivo tra gli parlanti e la lingua rappresentata, a cui
contribuiscono potentemente le idee o miti che filologi e linguisti
(anche la loro precursora erudizione) hanno diffuso nei loro studi. In
qualche modo si potrebbe dire che non ci sarebbero lingue senza i
filologi; solo persone che parlano cose più o meno simili. Lo studio dei
miti che ha messo insieme la scienza linguistica dovrebbe essere
sviluppato perché offre molte possibilità di riflessione su ciò che essi
in realtà le lingue.
This work is based on the idea that languages are always the result of
a process of social elaboration that involves, first, the construction and
legitimation of a certain representation of linguistic reality (always
much more heterogeneous than suggested by the representation) and
then the acceptation of this representation by the speakers as their
own and authentic language. To achieve the latter objective should be
produced an emotional connection between the speakers and the
represented language, to which powerfully contribute ideas or myths
that philologists and linguists (also their precursory erudition) have
spread in their studies. Somehow we could say that there would be no
languages without the philologists, only people who speak more or
less similar things. The study of linguistics myths that put together the
linguistic cience should be developed because it offers many
possibilities for reflection about what they are actually languages.
This open access book provides an in-depth examination of Japan's policy responses to the economic challenges of the 1980s and '90s. While MITI's earlier role in promoting rapid growth has been ...addressed in other studies, this volume, based on official records and exhaustive interviews, is the first to examine the aftermath of rapid growth and the evolution of MITI's interpretation of the economy's changing needs. Covering such topics as the oil shocks, trade conflict with the United States, and the rise and collapse of the so-called bubble economy, it presents a detailed analysis and evaluation of how these challenges were interpreted by government officials, the kinds of policies that were enacted, the extent to which policy aims were realized, and lessons for the longer term. This book is recommended especially to officials of countries concerned about the challenges that follow on high economic growth and to readers interested in Japan’s contemporary economic history.
Miti o učenju drugega/tujega jezika Nagode, Gabrijela Petra; Pižorn, Karmen
Vestnik za tuje jezike,
12/2016, Letnik:
8, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
O učenju tujih jezikov obstajajo določeni miti, nepreverjene »resnice«, ki so se ponekod »fosilizirali« in morda sploh več ne vzbujajo nobenih dvomov med običajnimi uporabniki jezikov. V članku ...osvetlimo izbor štirih mitov o učenju drugega/tujega jezika. V prvem mitu se sprašujemo, kakšno vlogo ima starost pri učenju drugega/tujega jezika. V drugem mitu se sprašujemo, če večina napak v drugem/tujem jeziku res nastane zaradi prenosa (ne)znanja iz prvega jezika v drugi/ tuji jezik oziroma transferja. S tretjim mitom preverjamo, ali naj res učitelj vsako napako popravi takoj z namenom, da si je učenec ne bo zapomnil. V četrtem mitu pa nas zanima, ali ima branje res največji vpliv na širjenje besedišča tako v prvem kot drugem/tujem jeziku. Miti o učenju tujega jezika so pogosto kompleksni, kar velja tudi za mite, predstavljene v tem članku. Glede njihove resničnosti ugotavljamo, da najverjetneje najmanj drži mit o nujnosti takojšnjega popravljanja napak, precej bolj pa prvi, drugi in četrti mit.
This paper describes the significant depositional setting information derived from well and seismic survey data for the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene forearc basin sediments in the central part of ...the Sanriku‐oki basin, which is regarded as a key area for elucidating the plate tectonic history of the Northeast Japan Arc. According to the results of well facies analysis utilizing cores, well logs and borehole images, the major depositional environments were of braided and meandering fluvial environments with sporadically intercalated marine incursion beds. Seismic facies, reflection terminations and isopach information provide the actual spatial distributions of fluvial channel zones flowing in a north–south trending direction. The transgression and regression cycles indicate that the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene successions can be divided into thirteen depositional sequences (Sequences SrCr‐0 to SrCr‐5, and SrPg‐1 to SrPg‐7). These depositional sequences demonstrate three types of stacking patterns: Types A to C, each of which shows a succession mainly comprising a meandering fluvial system, a braided fluvial system with minor meandering aspects in the upper part, and major marine incursion beds in the middle part, respectively, although all show an overall transgressive to regressive succession. The Type C marine incursion beds characteristically comprise bay center and tidal‐dominated bay margin facies. Basin‐transecting long seismic sections demonstrate a roll up structure on the trench slope break (TSB) side of the basin. These facts suggest that during the Cretaceous to Eocene periods, the studied fluvial‐dominated forearc basin was sheltered by the uplifted TSB. The selective occurrences of the Type C sequences suggest that when a longer‐scale transgression occurred, especially in Santonian and early Campanian periods, a large bay basin was developed, creating accommodation space, which induced the deposition of the Cretaceous Kuji Group along the arc‐side basin margin.
三陸沖前弧堆積盆中央部で掘削された基礎試錐「三陸沖」の坑井データ(コア, 検層ログ, 比抵抗イメージ)および周辺部において取得された三次元地震探査データ(震探相, 反射波列端)の堆積学的・シーケンス層序学的解析の結果, 三陸沖堆積盆の上部白亜系〜下部始新統はおもに網状〜挟炭蛇行河川システムからなること, 堆積盆中央部では河川流路がおおよそ南北方向に伸長すること, 合計13の堆積シーケンスに区分され, 最大海氾濫面層準付近では内湾環境の泥岩が挟在することが明らかになった. 白亜紀〜始新世の三陸沖前弧堆積盆は外縁隆起帯がリッジを造る河川システム主体の堆積盆であったと考えられ, 大規模海進時には全体が内湾環境になった. この海進時には火山弧側堆積盆縁辺部にも堆積空間が生成され, 久慈層群の浅海〜河川相が堆積したと考えられる.
Fluvial sequence stratigraphy and seismic facies were analysed for the MITI Sanriku‐oki well and the vicinity in the Sanriku‐oki forearc basin, northeast Japan.
Al centro dei dibattiti su identità e autoctonia nella Grecia antica spesso è Gaia, la Terra, dea generatrice, ma anche «sede stabile di dèi e di uomini», e di qui, probabilmente, terra civica. A ...livello teogonico, da Gaia e Urano nascono gli dèi immortali; nei miti di fondazione, da Gaia nascono i primi uomini, i gegeneis o autoctoni; a livello "politico", gaia patris, la terra dei padri, legittima la funzione di discendenza della terra. Nella riflessione "orficaE, si modifica il concetto di genos e la coppia Gaia-Urano subisce uno sbilanciamento a vantaggio del Cielo.
Objective: To assess actual practices and in-hospital outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction on a nationwide scale. Methods: Of 443 intensive care units in France, 369 (83%) ...prospectively collected data on all cases of infarction (within < 48 hours of symptom onset) in November 2000. Results: 2320 patients (median age 68 years, 73% men) were included, of whom 83% had ST segment elevation infarction (STEMI). Patients without STEMI were older and had a more frequent history of cardiovascular disease. Median time to admission was 5.0 hours for patients with and 6.5 hours for those without STEMI. Reperfusion therapy was used for 53% of patients with STEMI (thrombolysis 28%, primary angioplasty 25%). In-hospital mortality was 8.7% (5.5% of patients without and 9.3% of those with STEMI). Multivariate analysis found that age, Killip class, lower blood pressure, higher heart rate on admission, anterior location of infarct, STEMI, diabetes mellitus, previous stroke, and no current smoking independently predicted in-hospital mortality. At hospital discharge, 95% received antiplatelet agents, 75% received β blockers, and over 60% received statins. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors were prescribed for 40% of the patients without and 52% of those with ST elevation. Conclusions: This nationwide registry, including all types of centres irrespective of their size and experience, shows continued improvement in patient care and outcomes. Time from symptom onset to admission, however, has not improved in recent years and reperfusion therapy is used for just over 50% of patients with STEMI, with an increasing use of primary angioplasty.
Background: Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a specific counseling approach developed from efficacy studies of behavior therapy for addictive disorders. Its potential for promoting behavioral change ...in various fields is empirically supported. The Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) code is a well-validated measure of practitioner's adherence to and competence in MI, and is often required in efficacy trials for MI. Aim: To specify items in MITI that need particular attention for training coders in a Japanese context. Design: Six independent raters evaluated ten simulated encounters representing typical counseling settings in Japan on the basis of MITI 3.0J after 1 hour of training. Reliability was measured by obtaining intra-class correlation coefficients for each item. Results: The average inter-rater reliability coefficient was 0.72 for global ratings and 0.59 for behavior counts. Discussion: Behavior counts (especially, MI Adherence and Closed Questions) were found to be more difficult to recognize than other measures. Conclusion: Those who completed basic training in MI achieved reliable evaluations in MITI global scores and some behavior count items. Intensive training of behavior counts is recommended.
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