Wind power is expanding globally. Simultaneously, a growing number of conflicts against large-scale wind farms are emerging in multiple locations around the world. As these processes occur, new ...questions arise on how electricity from wind is being generated, how such energy is flowing within societies, and how these production-flows are being shaped by specific power structures. The present paper explores the expanding geography of wind energy conflicts by analyzing 20 case studies from across the Americas, Africa, Asia and Europe. Based on the Environmental Justice Atlas database, it reflects on how land pressures and patterns of uneven development emerge as two features of the current expansion of wind farms. Following a relational analysis, these patterns are examined to interpret the plural instances of opposition emerging throughout the rural spaces of the world. The article argues that previously unexplored forms of collective action are expanding the scope and content of the “wind energy debate”. In addition to the claims of “landscape” and “wildlife protection” addressed by the existing literature, this study sheds light on the rural/peripheral contexts where opposition emerges through the defense of indigenous territories, local livelihoods and communal development projects. The study contends that these “emerging storylines” embrace an environmental justice perspective when challenging the socially unequal and geographically uneven patterns reproduced by the ecological modernization paradigm. From this lens, cases of local opposition are not interpreted as selfish forces blocking a low-carbon transition, but instead, are understood as political instances that enable a wider discussion about the ways such transition should take place.
ZusammenfassungEine Bilanz des GKV-Modernisierungsgesetzes (GMG) fällt gemessen an den ursprünglichen Zielen zwiespältig aus. Obwohl der Gesetzgeber Leistungen gekürzt und höhere Zuzahlungen ...eingeführt hat, konnten die Versicherten nicht von niedrigeren Beitragssätzen profitieren. Die erhoffte Senkung der Lohnnebenkosten blieb damit aus. Positiv zu bewerten ist immerhin, dass viele Krankenkassen Altschulden abgebaut haben. Allerdings sind die Ausgaben im Jahr 2005 erneut gestiegen. Deshalb ist die finanzielle Lage der meisten Krankenkassen weiterhin angespannt. Die neue Bundesregierung wird daher schon bald eine erneute und nachhaltige Reform der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung in Angriff nehmen müssen.
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