This paper addresses the influences of device and circuit mismatches on paralleling the silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs. Comprehensive theoretical analysis and experimental validation from paralleled ...discrete devices to paralleled dies in multichip power modules are first presented. Then, the influence of circuit mismatch on paralleling SiC MOSFETs is investigated and experimentally evaluated for the first time. It is found that the mismatch of the switching loop stray inductance can also lead to on-state current unbalance with inductive output current, in addition to the on-state resistance of the device. It further reveals that circuit mismatches and a current coupling among the paralleled dies exist in a SiC MOSFET multichip power module, which is critical for the transient current distribution in the power module. Thus, a power module layout with an auxiliary source connection is developed to reduce such a coupling effect. Finally, simulations and experimental tests are carried out to validate the analysis and effectiveness of the developed layout.
This paper reviews and analyzes technological design options, which have become available to date for BIPV systems on roofs and facades, independently of specific products or building projects. This ...means that this survey does not analyze existing products or realized buildings, but provides an overview of the technologies for BIPV. The starting point is an analysis of the relevance of BIPV technologies for the decarbonization of energy systems, providing energy for direct use of electricity and sector coupling together with an analysis of the German BIPV market. The paper presents the wide range of technical design options for BIPV systems and categorizes and analyzes them to provide a structured overview. This comprises a detailed analysis of the design options for BIPV modules, in which not only the design options for the PV cell layer were comprehensively investigated, but also the different variants of embedding materials, front and rear cover materials, additional interlayers and electrical module layout. Two fundamental module-level design options were investigated in particular detail: The use of PV cells as basic elements of patterns and the use of color to conceal the PV cells. Subsequently, options for the design of complete electrical systems are reviewed, ranging from sub-module level design parameters to building energy systems. Design options for the constructional integration of BIPV modules in the building envelope complete the review of technological design possibilities.
Abstract
WGCNA is a very popular R language software package used in biomedical field. It is mainly designed to deal with gene microarray samples to find clusters (modules), which include highly ...correlated genes, in biomedical studies. Theoretically, it results in the hierarchical modules, which are different from the results based on the edge density inside module and outside modules. In this study, we address this difference and indicate that caution should be exercised when using these two methods to interpret the implication of studies.
The key components of photovoltaic (PV) systems are PV modules representing basic devices, which are able to operate durably in outdoor conditions. PV modules can be manufactured using different ...materials by different fabrication technologies. The main criteria supporting or limiting a successful placement of particular technologies on the market is the cost of electricity produced by PV systems. The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) method takes into account the investment cost, the operating costs, and the total energy produced during the system service life. The influence of price, efficiency and service life of PV modules on LCOE (together with the availability of materials) sets limits for applicable technologies.
Over the past 15 years a categorisation of generations of PV cell and module technology groups has been frequently used. The main features of individual technology groups are discussed from the view of the above criteria. Currently, PV modules are required to have: efficiency higher than 14%, price below 0.4 USD/Wp and service life of more than 15 years. At present, the wafer-based crystalline silicon technologies have best met the criteria due to their high efficiency, low cost and long service time; and due to the abundance of materials, they are set to lead in future PV power generation.
Electrical engineering; Energy; Environmental science; Photovoltaics; PV technology; Crystalline silicon PV modules; Thin film PV modules; PV module service life; PV module price; Levelized cost of energy
Detecting objects in remote sensing images is essential for intelligent interpretation. Although deep neural networks have made significant progress in recent years, they often struggle with complex ...backgrounds in remote sensing images, which can lead to inaccurate detection. To tackle this problem, a self-supervised adaptive fusion network (SSAFN) has been developed. The SSAFN includes an adaptive fusion module (AFM) and a self-supervised task module (SSTM). The AFM mainly fuses the deep semantic information to the shallow features with appropriate weights to enhance the semantic information of the shallow features. The SSTM is mainly to constrain the AFM through self-supervised tasks to fulfill the function similar to the attention mechanism: to make the AFM enhance the target feature representation and suppress the background information. The SSAFN reduces the impact of complex backgrounds on object representation, resulting in better detection results for various types of objects such as buildings, ships and more. The proposed method has been tested on various datasets and has not only improved the detection accuracy for different types of objects but also enhanced the performance of popular object detection algorithms.
Slot‐die coating is recognized as the most compatible method for the roll‐to‐roll (R2R) processing of large‐area flexible organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the photovoltaic performance of ...large‐area flexible OSC lags significantly behind that of traditional spin‐coating devices. In this work, two acceptors, Qx‐1 and Qx‐2, show quite different film‐formation kinetics in the slot‐die coating process. In situ absorption spectroscopy indicates that the excessive crystallinity of Qx‐2 provides early phase separation and early aggregation, resulting in oversized crystal domains. Consequently, the PM6:Qx‐1‐based 1 cm2 flexible device exhibits an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.70%, which is the best performance among the slot‐die‐coated flexible devices; in contrast, the PM6:Qx‐2 blend shows a pretty poor efficiency, which is lower than 1%. Moreover, the 30 cm2 modules based on PM6:Qx‐1, containing six 5 cm2 sub‐cells, exhibit a PCE of 12.20%. After being stored in a glove box for over 6000 h, the PCE remains at 103% of its initial values, indicating excellent shelf stability. Therefore, these results show a promising future strategy for the upscaling fabrication of flexible large‐area OSCs.
In situ absorption measurement is used to investigate the aggregation behavior of acceptors during slot‐die‐coating. The 1 cm2 flexible device can reach a power conversion efficiency of 13.70%, with excellent shelf stability and upscaling ability. The connected modules (180 cm2) can effectively power a smartphone, showing great potential for future applications.
Abstract
The goal of this research is to introduce the concepts of Large-small submodule and Large-hollow module and some properties of them are considered, such that a proper submodule N of an ...R-module M is said to be Large-small submodule, if N + K = M where K be a submodule of M, then K is essential submodule of M ( K ≤
e
M ). An R-module M is called Large-hollow module if every proper submodule of M is Large-small submodule in M.
Abstract
In this paper we present the concept of (Quasi-) Baer Gamma Module, and as in the class of rings and modules, we provide that : (1) An Γ −
ring
R
is right nonsingular and right ...(FI-extending) extending if and only if
R
is (Quasi-) Baer and right cononsingular. (2) An
R
Γ
−
Module
M
is (FI-extending) extending and (FI-K-nonsingular) K-nonsingular if and only if
M
is (Quasi-) Baer and K-(FI-K-cononsingular) cononsingular. (3) Any direct summand of a (quasi-)Baer
R
Γ
-module is (Quasi-)Baer.(4) The endomorphism Γ −
ring
S
=
End
(
M
) of (Quasi) Baer
R
Γ
−
Module
M
is (Quasi) Baer.(5) If
M
be retractable
R
Γ
−
Module
. Then the endomorphism Γ − ring of
M
,
S
, is (Quasi-) Baer if and only if
M
is a (Quasi-) Baer. Furthermore, other results are introduced.
Abstract
Let R be a commutative with non-zero identity, let A be a R-module. In this paper submodule H of an R-module A to be Soc-prime if whenever r ∈ R, a ∈ A with < a > ≤ Soc(A) and ra ∈ H then ...either a ∈ H or r ∈ H: A. We give a number of characterizations of Soc-prime submodules.
Although deep neural networks (DNNs) have been widely applied to hyperspectral image (HSI) denoising, most DNN-based HSI denoising methods are designed by stacking convolution layer, which can only ...model and reason local relations, and thus ignore the global contextual information. To address this issue, we propose a deep spatial-spectral global reasoning network to consider both the local and global information for HSI noise removal. Specifically, two novel modules are proposed to model and reason global relational information. The first one aims to model global spatial relations between pixels in feature maps, and the second one models the global relations across the channels. Compared to traditional convolution operations, the two proposed modules enable the network to extract representations from new dimensions. For the HSI denoising task, the two modules, as well as the densely connected structures, are embedded into the U-Net architecture. Thus, the new-designed global reasoning network can help tackle complex noise by exploiting multiple representations, e.g., hierarchical local feature, global spatial coherence, cross-channel correlation, and multi-scale abstract representation. Experiments on both synthetic and real HSI data demonstrate that our proposed network can obtain comparable or even better denoising results than other state-of-the-art methods.
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