Human life and body represent social values that have always been and remain the subject of criminal protection. Studying different historical eras, one can conclude that life and body of members of ...certain social classes was not subject to criminal protection, and in certain eras legal protection of life and body was not equally provided to everyone. The constant development of society and changes in all spheres led to the need for more and more contact between people, and their relationships came to various passings and the desire to be resolved in their own way. Conflict situations led to mutual attacks in order to resolve the situations that arose which ended with an attack and endangering the physical integrity of people. The work contains the analysis of the criminal offense of murder throughout the history of criminal law, and includes the old and the Middle Ages, where the place of the crime of murder is discussed in Hammurabi's Code, the Law of Plate XII, Koran, Russian justice and further up to modern times.
One of the issues that have been raised in jurisprudence texts for a long time is the non-execution of qisas for the lack of the murdered due to his escape or sudden death. In this case, some believe ...in turning qisas into Diya and they have resorted to the principle of respect for Muslim blood, Authority verse and hadiths; however, these reasons have been criticized by others because according to these reasons, the avenger of blood are entitled to the murderer’s soul not his possessions. Therefore, they cannot be a reason for the necessity of Diya and the narrations are exempt from the assumption of their authenticity. Others reject qisas and Diya because the compromise of the parties is a prerequisite for converting qisas to Diya, which would not be possible if the murderer is absent. However, since the traditions of proof of the Diya have the necessary authority, they cannot be ignored and the Diya is not rejected. Therefore, in accepting the distinction between escape and sudden death because the conversion of qisas into Diya is contrary to the principle and in cases of contrast to the principle, it is necessary to refer to the subject of the hadith i.e. the escape of the murderer. Many of the jurisprudents might be considered in agreement with this statement because proponents of the Diya, affirm the Diya in the event of an escape and those who believe in voiding Diya, reject Diya in the event of death. However, since the Diya is intervening substitute, if the murderer comes back, the right to qisas is reserved for the avenger of blood. Finally, Article 435 of the Islamic Penal Code can be criticized and amended for the lack of distinction between escape and natural death as well as for the transmission of qisas to Diya for intentional non-murder crimes.
The era of technology and globalization triggers various new crimes like murder with various motives. The objectives of this research are to reveal the intrinsic elements of the novel and to describe ...the efforts of the main character to reveal the murder of the story. There are two kinds of data in this research: primary data and secondary data. The primary data are taken from the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles by Arthur Conan Doyle. The secondary data function to support the primary data and add more information that is related to this novel. Data were gathered, classified, analyzed and interpreted by using several theories. The results of the research shows that the intrinsic elements are described based on theme, setting, character and characterization, plot and point of view. The efforts of the main character to reveal the murder are: (a) analyzing the report and interviewing the witnesses, (b) solving the problem on the investigation, (c) investigating the murder case secretly and (d) building the strategies to reveal the criminal
In addition to its more well known literary and artistic origins,
the French surrealist movement drew inspiration from currents of
psychological anxiety and rebellion running through a shadowy side
...of mass culture, specifically in fantastic popular fiction and
sensationalistic journalism. The provocative nature of this
insolent mass culture resonated with the intellectual and political
preoccupations of the surrealists, as Robin Walz demonstrates in
this fascinating study. Pulp Surrealism weaves an
interpretative history of the intersection between mass print
culture and surrealism, re-evaluating both our understanding of
mass culture in early twentieth-century Paris and the revolutionary
aims of the surrealist movement. Pulp Surrealism presents
four case studies, each exploring the out-of the-way and
impertinent elements which inspired the surrealists. Walz discusses
Louis Aragon's Le paysan de Paris, one of the great
surrealist novels of Paris. He goes on to consider the popular
series of Fantômes crime novels; the Parisan press coverage of the
arrest, trial, and execution of mass-murderer Landru; and the
surrealist inquiry "Is Suicide a Solution?", which Walz juxtaposes
with reprints of actual suicide faits divers
(sensationalist newspaper blurbs). Although surrealist interest in
sensationalist popular culture eventually waned, this exploration
of mass print culture as one of the cultural milieux from which
surrealism emerged ultimately calls into question assumptions about
the avant-garde origins of modernism itself.
The comparative examination of different groups of sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) is currently limited. To expand our understanding of Chinese sexual homicides, this study aimed to distinguish ...between the modus operandi (MO) characteristics of repeat (i.e., with previous arrest and/or conviction) and nonrepeat (i.e., without previous arrest and/or conviction) offenders. Data were gathered from police arrest records, court documents, and published case reports in mainland China, covering a 31-year period (1988-2018). A sample of 86 male SHOs (31 repeat and 55 nonrepeat offenders) was identified and the offenders' MO characteristics were examined. Compared with nonrepeat offenders, repeat offenders were significantly more likely to commit sexual murder in outdoor locations, approach their victims initially using a non-surprise approach, engage in nonvaginal penetration of their victims, use a personal weapon to kill their victims, and move their victims' bodies away from the crime scene. However, repeat offenders were less likely to be arrested immediately after committing the murder. The findings have practical implications for police investigative strategies, such as suspect prioritization.
Although studies have been made of different subtypes of individuals who committed sexual homicides, the research into nonstranger and stranger sexual homicides remains limited. This study therefore ...aimed to examine whether those who sexually murder nonstrangers differ from those who kill strangers. Data derived from police records, court documents, and published case reports spanning a 31 year period (1988–2018) in mainland China were used to examine the modus operandi of 127 males who committed sexual homicides (45 nonstranger and 82 stranger cases). Relative to nonstranger sexual homicides, stranger sexual homicides were more likely to have been committed by individuals with a previous sexual offense conviction and the victims were more likely to have been single and employed at the time of the offense. Furthering the analysis, a logistic regression found that individuals who targeted strangers were significantly more likely to have committed their homicide at an outdoor location, to have been sexually motivated, and to have used murder weapons that required more physical strength than those who killed nonstranger victims. These findings can be informative to law enforcement agents and security professionals in their investigative processes.
This article adds to the growth in data‐driven analyses seeking to compare samples of violent extremists with other violent populations of interest. While lone‐actor terrorists and public mass ...murderers are frequently treated as distinct offender types, both engage (or attempt to engage) in largely public and highly publicized acts of violence and often use similar weapons. This article investigates the (dis)similarities between both offender types. We use a series of bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses to compare demographic, psychologic and behavioral variables across 71 lone‐actor terrorists and 115 public mass murderers. The results show little distinction in sociodemographic profiles, but significant differences in (a) the degree to which they interact with co‐ideologues (b) antecedent event behaviors and (c) the degree to which they leak information before the attack. Overall, our data inform the emerging idea that lone‐actor terrorists and public mass shooters are not distinct offender types. There is more that unites them than divides them. Although the over‐arching focus of our results are on the few variables that distinguish them, the vast majority (80%+), of the 180+ variables showed no significant difference. We discuss implications for threat assessment and management in the context of these results.
While a number of previous studies have compared sexual homicides to nonlethal sexual offenses, there have been few studies comparing sexual and nonsexual homicides. This study examines whether ...sexual homicide offenders differ from nonsexual homicide offenders in Scotland regarding characteristics of the offender, the victim, and the homicide incident. Unlike previous studies, only homicides committed by males against females were examined. Data from a national police database were used to compare 89 male sexual homicide offenders who killed adult females with 306 male nonsexual homicide offenders who had also killed adult females using bivariate and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses. The findings revealed not only some similarities between the two groups, particularly regarding some victim variables, but also significant bivariate and multivariate differences. Sexual homicides appeared to be associated with indicators of instrumentality and sexual deviance. We conclude that sexual homicide offenders might be considered a distinct group of homicide offenders, more similar to sexual offenders than to other homicide offenders.
This study aims to examine the psychopathological profile of non-homicidal sexual offenders (NHSOs) and homicidal sexual offenders (HSOs). Using an incarcerated sample of 96 NHSOs and 74 HSOs in a ...federal penitentiary in Canada, these offenders are compared in terms of their offending process, maladaptive personality traits, and paraphilic behaviors. A number of cross-tabular and sequential logistic regression analyses are performed. Relative to their counterpart, findings indicate that a higher percentage of HSOs select a victim of choice, report deviant sexual fantasies, mutilate their victim, and admit to their offense upon apprehension, whereas a higher percentage of NHSOs select victims with distinctive characteristics. In addition, a higher percentage of HSOs manifest paranoid, schizotypal, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, and impulsive personality traits, and overall odd and eccentric personality traits compared with NHSOs. Similarly, a higher percentage of HSOs engage in exhibitionism, fetishism, frotteurism, homosexual pedophilia, sexual masochism, and partialism compared with NHSO. These findings are discussed with their implications for offender profiling.
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