O talento musical pode se manifestar em diferentes pessoas, em diferentes realidades sociais e econômicas e fases da vida. A legislação prevê a identificação, cadastramento e atendimento educacional ...especializado ao talentoso musical. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa foi construir um instrumento para realização de screening em alunos de escolas da educação básica. Para isso, valeu-se do método psicofísico de comparação por pares, por meio de pesquisa de campo. A análise dos dados pautou-se na estatística não-paramétrica e análise fatorial exploratória. Concluiu-se que houve indicativos da capacidade de mensuração do instrumento, porém será preciso continuar os procedimentos de validação e fidedignidade.
What Makes Musical Prodigies? Marion-St-Onge, Chanel; Weiss, Michael W; Sharda, Megha ...
Frontiers in psychology,
12/2020, Letnik:
11
Journal Article
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Musical prodigies reach exceptionally high levels of achievement before adolescence. Despite longstanding interest and fascination in musical prodigies, little is known about their psychological ...profile. Here we assess to what extent practice, intelligence, and personality make musical prodigies a distinct category of musician. Nineteen former or current musical prodigies (aged 12-34) were compared to 35 musicians (aged 14-37) with either an early (mean age 6) or late (mean age 10) start but similar amount of musical training, and 16 non-musicians (aged 14-34). All completed a Wechsler IQ test, the Big Five Inventory, the Autism Spectrum Quotient, the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire, the Dispositional Flow Scale, and a detailed history of their lifetime music practice. None of the psychological traits distinguished musical prodigies from control musicians or non-musicians except their propensity to report flow during practice. The other aspects that differentiated musical prodigies from their peers were the intensity of their practice before adolescence, and the source of their motivation when they began to play. Thus practice, by itself, does not make a prodigy. The results are compatible with multifactorial models of expertise, with prodigies lying at the high end of the continuum. In summary, prodigies are expected to present brain predispositions facilitating their success in learning an instrument, which could be amplified by their early and intense practice happening at a moment when brain plasticity is heightened.
The lifespan trajectory of musical achievement in the field of classical music and the factors that promote or hinder the development of talent in music are the focus of Manturzewska’s model of the ...lifespan development of professional musicians. This article aims to describe Manturzewska’s model briefly, relate it to recent research, and explore the extent to which it fits the diversity of musical careers of contemporary professional musicians. A brief depiction of the developmental model provides insight into the six developmental phases of the model and the factors that influence them. Recent research investigating talent development and career research in music suggests that Manturzewska’s theoretical model is largely consistent with findings from expertise research, research examining the determinants of musical development, and current models of talent development. The development of musicians with traditional careers as orchestral musicians in permanent, full-time employment or as successful soloists in contemporary musical culture is likely to be represented largely accurately in Manturzewska’s model. However, the diversity of typical portfolio careers, characterized by simultaneous irregular musical and non-musical activities in musical and non-musical fields, cannot be depicted in a single, more-or-less linear development model. Appropriate research, especially long-term studies that model the lifetime development of professional musicians (not only) in classical music, is lacking. Furthermore, Manturzewska’s model addresses important aspects that have been insufficiently studied by others, such as the development of professional musicians in the second half of life, and provides a sound and inspiring basis for future research.
The present study examines the prevalence, localization, frequency, and intensity of playing-related pain (PRP) in a sample of high-performing young musicians. We also address coping behavior and ...communication about PRP between young musicians, teachers, parents, and other people, such as friends. The aim is to provide information on PRP among high-performing musicians in childhood and adolescence, which can serve as a basis for music education, practice, and prevention in the context of instrumental teaching and musicians' health. The study is part of a large-scale study (
= 1,143) with highly musically gifted participants (age 9-24 years;
= 15.1;
= 2.14, female = 62%) at the national level of the "Jugend musiziert" (youth making music) contest. For data analyses, we used descriptive statistics, correlations, Chi
-tests, principal component analysis, Kruskal-Wallis
tests, and multivariate regression. About three-quarters (76%) of the surveyed participants stated that they had experienced pain during or after playing their instrument. Female musicians were significantly more frequently affected (79%) than male musicians (71%). With increasing age, the prevalence of PRP rises from 71 percent (9-13 years) to 85 percent (18-24 years). Regarding localization of pain, results are in line with many other studies with musculoskeletal problems the most common. Furthermore, data show a clear relationship between the duration of practice and the prevalence of PRP. Our study found averages of 7:18 h/week, whereas mean values of the duration of practice vary considerably between different instruments. The variance in practice duration is very large within the different instruments. Thus, when researching PRP, it is necessary to consider both the differences between different groups of instruments in the average duration of practice as well as the very large inter-individual variation in the duration of practice within a given instrument group. While just over half of the young musicians (56%) felt they had been taken seriously, 32 percent felt that their complaints were not completely taken seriously, and 12 percent did not feel taken seriously at all. Therefore, it is necessary to improve communication and information about PRP to prevent PRP and counteract existing complaints.
Savant syndrome is a rare, but extraordinary, condition in which persons with serious mental disabilities, including autistic disorder, have some 'island of genius' which stands in marked, ...incongruous contrast to overall handicap. As many as one in 10 persons with autistic disorder have such remarkable abilities in varying degrees, although savant syndrome occurs in other developmental disabilities or in other types of central nervous system injury or disease as well. Whatever the particular savant skill, it is always linked to massive memory. This paper presents a brief review of the phenomenology of savant skills, the history of the concept and implications for education and future research.
This study examined the relation between musical ability and second-language (L2) proficiency in adult learners. L2 ability was assessed in four domains: receptive phonology, productive phonology, ...syntax, and lexical knowledge. Also assessed were various other factors that might explain individual differences in L2 ability, including age of L2 immersion, patterns of language use and exposure, and phonological short-term memory. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to determine if musical ability explained any unique variance in each domain of L2 ability after controlling for other relevant factors. Musical ability predicted L2 phonological ability (both receptive and productive) even when controlling for other factors, but did not explain unique variance in L2 syntax or lexical knowledge. These results suggest that musical skills may facilitate the acquisition of L2 sound structure and add to a growing body of evidence linking language and music.
In the new socio-economic conditions of the development of our society, the problem of studying children’s giftedness has become one of the priority research areas. Talent in different areas ...manifests itself in certain age periods. According to many observations, the talent for museums and fine arts can manifest itself much earlier than the giftedness to other activities. Musical giftedness is one of the special types of giftedness. This can occur in children even in preschool age. Musical talent is characterized by the presence of musicality. We decided to study how vocal and choral activities will influence the development of a child’s musical talent.
Professional education formation accelerates implementing specialized areas of developing the right skills and knowledge that a music student should possess in their future career. The purpose of ...this study is to identify the impact of music education in college on the development of individuals' musical and creative abilities in comparison to self-taught musicians. The assessment involved the analysis of these aptitudes of the respondents using two separate techniques: Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Test to identify respondents' musical aptitudes and Williams' test battery to investigate divergent thinking. Given the timeliness and correctness of the execution of instructions for each of the tests, the original study sample included 190 individuals. Analysis of the research findings on the two parameters among the majority of respondents confirmed the expected correlation. As for the first factor of the analysis, approximately 53% of the respondents with musical intelligence demonstrated the expected correlation of this indicator with attendance of educational institutions. This being the case, 57% of respondents have a high level of creative thinking given attendance of a college of music.
Most investigations of savant skills in autism are based on individual case reports. The present study investigated rates and types of savant skills in 137 individuals with autism (mean age 24 ...years). Intellectual ability ranged from severe intellectual impairment to superior functioning. Savant skills were judged from parental reports and specified as 'an outstanding skill/knowledge clearly above participant's general level of ability and above the population norm'. A comparable definition of exceptional cognitive skills was applied to Wechsler test scores-requiring a subtest score at least 1 standard deviation above general population norms and 2 standard deviations above the participant's own mean subtest score. Thirty-nine participants (28.5%) met criteria for either a savant skill or an exceptional cognitive skill: 15 for an outstanding cognitive skill (most commonly block design); 16 for a savant skill based on parental report (mostly mathematical/calculating abilities); 8 met criteria for both a cognitive and parental rated savant skill. One-third of males showed some form of outstanding ability compared with 19 per cent of females. No individual with a non-verbal IQ below 50 met criteria for a savant skill and, contrary to some earlier hypotheses, there was no indication that individuals with higher rates of stereotyped behaviours/interests were more likely to demonstrate savant skills.
What aspects of autism predispose to talent? Happé, Francesca; Vital, Pedro
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological sciences,
05/2009, Letnik:
364, Številka:
1522
Journal Article
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In this paper, we explore the question, why are striking special skills so much more common in autism spectrum conditions (ASC) than in other groups? Current cognitive accounts of ASC are briefly ...reviewed in relation to special skills. Difficulties in 'theory of mind' may contribute to originality in ASC, since individuals who do not automatically 'read other minds' may be better able to think outside prevailing fashions and popular theories. However, originality alone does not confer talent. Executive dysfunction has been suggested as the 'releasing' mechanism for special skills in ASC, but other groups with executive difficulties do not show raised incidence of talents. Detail-focused processing bias ('weak coherence', 'enhanced perceptual functioning') appears to be the most promising predisposing characteristic, or 'starting engine', for talent development. In support of this notion, we summarize data from a population-based twin study in which parents reported on their 8-year-olds' talents and their ASC-like traits. Across the whole sample, ASC-like traits, and specifically 'restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests' related to detail focus, were more pronounced in children reported to have talents outstripping older children. We suggest that detail-focused cognitive style predisposes to talent in savant domains in, and beyond, autism spectrum disorders.
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