As a group of new nanomaterials, nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are widely applied in the biomedical field, exerting unknown risks to the human body, especially the central nervous system. ...Herein, the impacts of MOF-74-Zn nanoparticles on neurological behaviors and neurotransmitter metabolism are explored in both in vivo and in vitro assays modeled by C57BL/6 mice and PC12 cells, respectively. The mice exhibit increased negative-like behaviors, as demonstrated by the observed decrease in exploring behaviors and increase in despair-like behaviors in the open field test and forced swimming test after exposure to low doses of MOF-74-Zn nanoparticles. Disorders in the catecholamine neurotransmitter metabolism may be responsible for the MOF-74-Zn-induced abnormal behaviors. Part of the reason for this is the inhibition of neurotransmitter synthesis caused by restrained neurite extension. In addition, MOF-74-Zn promotes the translocation of more calcium into the cytoplasm, accelerating the release and uptake and finally resulting in an imbalance between synthesis and catabolism. Taken together, the results from this study indicate the human toxicity risks of nanoscale low-toxicity metal-based MOFs and provide valuable insight into the rational and safe use of MOF nanomaterials.
•Males and females have distinct genetic, hormonal, and pharmacokinetic mechanisms.•Biomolecular corona on nanomaterial surface influences interactions with living cells.•Nanomaterials may induce ...endocytosis, inflammation, and toxicity with a sexual bias.•Females are underrepresented in drug trials, more susceptible to adverse drug events.•Biomedical nanomaterials may have sex-specific therapeutic potentials.
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Nanomaterials are found in a wide range of industries from additives in consumer products, drug delivery vehicles, as well as environmental hazards. There is a growing body of evidence that suggests biological sex affects the host response to these nanomaterials. Given that male and female tissues do have distinct profiles of secreted factors, it is reasonable to expect that these adsorb to the surface of nanomaterials. These differences in the composition of the adsorbed biomolecular corona may induce different cellular responses based upon their biological sex. A sexual bias has been observed in the tissue-specific accumulation of nanomaterials, the extent of inflammation, and epigenetic modification induced by nanomaterials. While most of these studies involved exposure to environmental nanomaterials, there were limited examples that evaluated sexual biases related to nanomaterials for drug delivery, especially to the brain. A patient’s sex may influence the therapeutic or general host response to nanomaterials commonly used for biomedical applications. Herein, we begin with a description of the biomolecular corona as the effective interface between nanomaterials and biological systems. Then, the molecular aspects of sexual differentiation are presented regarding genetic factors, hormonal regulation, and mechanisms of processing xenobiotics, as the foundation from which to explore the sex-specific effects of nanomaterials.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been incorporated into several consumer products. While these advances in technology are promising and exciting, the effects of these nanoparticles have not equally ...been studied. Due to the size, AgNPs can penetrate the body through oral exposure and reach the gastrointestinal tract. The present study was designed as a comparative proteomic analysis of Caco-2 cells, used as an in vitro model of the small intestine, exposed to 30 nm citrate stabilized-silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for 24 or 72 h. Using two complementary proteomic approaches, 2D gel-based and label-free mass spectrometry, we present insight into the effects of AgNPs at proteins level. Exposure of 1 or 10 μg/mL AgNPs to Caco-2 cells resulted in 56 and 88 altered proteins at 24 h and 72 h respectively, by 2D gel-based technique. Ten of these proteins were found to be common between the two time-points. Using label-free mass spectrometry technique, 291 and 179 altered proteins were found at 24 h and 72 h, of which 24 were in common. Analysis of the proteomes showed several major biological processes altered, from which, cell cycle, cell morphology, cellular function and maintenance were the most affected.
•Comparison between 2D gel-based vs label-free MS based proteomics study•Significant changes in the protein profiles of Caco-2 cells exposed to AgNPs.•Contribute to understand the mechanisms of action of AgNPs
Highlights
Nanopesticides with minimizing carrier were prepared through prodrug molecular design and molecular self-assembly.
Nanopesticides with minimizing carrier are expected to solve the ...environmental risks caused by the unrestricted introduction of nanomaterials.
Future development and challenges of nanopesticides with minimizing carrier.
The flourishing progress in nanotechnology offers boundless opportunities for agriculture, particularly in the realm of nanopesticides research and development. However, concerns have been raised regarding the human and environmental safety issues stemming from the unrestrained use of non-therapeutic nanomaterials in nanopesticides. It is also important to consider whether the current development strategy of nanopesticides based on nanocarriers can strike a balance between investment and return, and if the complex material composition genuinely improves the efficiency, safety, and circularity of nanopesticides. Herein, we introduced the concept of nanopesticides with minimizing carriers (NMC) prepared through prodrug design and molecular self-assembly emerging as practical tools to address the current limitations, and compared it with nanopesticides employing non-therapeutic nanomaterials as carriers (NNC). We further summarized the current development strategy of NMC and examined potential challenges in its preparation, performance, and production. Overall, we asserted that the development of NMC systems can serve as the innovative driving force catalyzing a green and efficient revolution in nanopesticides, offering a way out of the current predicament.
Introduction:
In recent years, extensive multidisciplinary investigations have been carried out in the area of cancer nanotechnology. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have emerged as promising carrier for ...delivery of various pay-loads into their target. In view of their unique physicochemical and optical properties, GNPs have been exploited for multimodality imaging, tumor targeting, and as transporter of various therapeutics. Additionally, GNPs have been used as photothermal therapeutics against cancer.
Areas covered:
This review will focus on recent progress in the field of gold nanomaterials in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Moreover, concern about the toxicity of gold nanomaterials is addressed.
Expert opinion:
GNPs present versatile scaffolds for efficient delivery of cancer chemotherapeutics. Tuneable chemistry of the GNPs contributes to their ever increasing use in oncology research. The promises of a functional cancer therapy using GNPs have been extensively demonstrated, although the materials are still in their infancy stage and not surfaced to meet clinical standards.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO
2
NPs) are widely used in various disciplines, and it is imperative to evaluate their safety in the environment. In this paper,
Bombyx mori
(silkworm) was used as ...a model organism to evaluate the biological effects of different sized TiO
2
NPs, taking into consideration their effect on the larval growth, cocoon shell weight, tissues, and silk produced. The effect of the different sized TiO
2
NPs on the larval and cocoon shell weight was dose-dependent. The highest accumulation of titanium (Ti) following a modified TiO
2
NPs-treated mulberry diet was observed in the midgut. The expression of the light chain fibroin (FIBL) was three times higher in 0.33 g TiO
2
NPs-treated silk gland after 96 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis demonstrated that TiO
2
NPs-treated silk fiber (TiSF) exhibited a diminutive decrease in silk fiber (SF) crystallization and β-sheet compared to the control SF, respectively. The tensile tests of SF from silkworm fed with 0.03 g of 25 nm TiO
2
NPs were significantly improved when compared to the control SF. Significant changes in the surface morphology and thermal stability of SF were observed. The antimicrobial activity of TiSF was investigated against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Staphylococcus aureus
, with ciprofloxacin-treated SF acting as a control. It was documented that 0.09 g of 60 nm TiSF was most effective against
P. aeruginosa
at a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 21.06 mm when compared with the control SF which recorded a ZOI of 17.19 mm. This study highlighted a different approach in evaluating the biological effects of TiO
2
NPs using the silkworm as a model and assessing their impact on the silk intrinsic property, which will be effective in biotechnology applications.
Raman-based technologies have proved to be excellent tools for on-site and
in-vivo analysis, due to the non-invasive nature of their detection, their capability of providing structure information, ...their high tolerance to aqueous samples, the ultra-sensitivity of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and resonance Raman scattering (RRS), the high spatial resolution of tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS), and the ultrashort spectra-acquisition time for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS).
In this review, we highlight the recent success of Raman-based technologies in various applications, including:
(1)
on-site surface analysis and chemical-reaction monitoring;
(2)
on-site identification of cultural objects, archeological studies and planetary science;
(3)
in-vivo analysis of cells and microorganisms;
(4)
in-vivo diagnosis inside human and animal bodies;
(5)
in-vivo fast Raman imaging and mapping;
(6)
the study of SERS processes; and,
(7)
assessment of nanomaterial safety.
► Nanotechnology. ► Novel regulations. ► Nanotoxicology. ► Crucial no effect data. ► Framework to publish the unpublishable.
In an ideal world, regulation should seek to facilitate and harmonize the ...identification, characterization and control of all hazards, exposures and risks associated with substances and products, to protect human health and the environment, while at the same time enhancing industrial competitiveness and innovation. To date, this is the center of current global debates on nanotechnology and its products. A challenging situation now occurs. Nanotoxicology data are required, many studies are ongoing and yet the questions remain open as to whether the obtained data are appropriate and what existing data can be used here. A critical aspect, perhaps even the most critical aspect of nanotoxicology, is the availability of no-effect data. We propose here a framework that includes all scientific data on nanomaterials which will contribute to the development of harmonized guidelines for nanomaterial safety studies.
There is an urgent need to investigate the mechanisms of action of NMs and to develop testing strategies to assess potential environmental and human hazard. Our study has shown that metal ...nanoparticles such as iron oxide may induce genotoxic effect. It was inferred that coating and surface properties influence NPs cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.
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