At present, the economic ties between countries worldwide are getting closer and closer. In a world where the internet industry is developing rapidly, Digital learning and ICT applications in ...blockchain have gradually matured. This paper takes digital learning and ICT blockchain application in e-commerce as the main research object, The rapid development of e-commerce has been promoted through the extensive application of digital learning and information and communication technology blockchain in e-commerce. Digital learning and information and communication technology solve the problems of e-commerce payment with encryption characteristics and security and openness in blockchain; At the same time, the information can be traced and cannot be tampered with to solve the quality problem of e-commerce goods. In a real sense to promote the sustainable development of the field of e-commerce, this study provides new ideas and guidance for the blockchain framework of e-learning and ICT in e-commerce.
Some commentators suggest that air travelers are reluctant to use a foreign airport as a point of departure for their journey. Such reluctance has implications for marketing and policy measures, ...especially in border regions and in smaller countries, such as the Netherlands and Belgium. In this study, we tested this supposed barrier effect of national borders with empirical data.
Our research is based on a subsample (n = 4083) of a large-scale survey among German, Dutch and Belgian adults. Participants were asked about their most recent flight, preferences regarding long-distance travel, and general travel behavior. The survey information about the most recent trip was linked to the Official Airline Guide with data from 18 airports in the Western European region. On average, however, only 10 airports offered a direct connection to the destination of the respondents’ most recent flight. A conditional logit model with varying choice sets allowed us to model only the relevant airports per respondent, while accounting for other known determinants in airport choice, such as travel time, airline competition, and number of available flights.
The model results confirmed our expectations: people strongly prefer a departure airport situated in their own country. The model predictions suggest that without the border effect the share of people in our sample departing abroad would rise from 7.7% to 18.7%. Experience (with multiple airports as a point of departure) mitigates the barrier effect of the border. The performance of our model is good: the median probabilitie for the chosen alternative is 68%. Our research stresses the importance of the barrier effect of borders in airport choice: even when traveling across borders in the European sky, national borders remain important.
•Empirically test the barrier effect of national borders in airport choice.•Survey data (n = 4083) from Dutch, German and Belgian population.•Multinomial logit model with varying choice sets and control variables.•Strong negative effect found: foreign airports not popular as a point of departure.•Travel time, number of flights, and airline competition also important.
Management of national borders has become one of the main agenda of the government. The government has the priority to develop Indonesia from the periphery by strengthening regions and villages ...within the framework of a unitary state. The threat of national sovereignty and security disturbances at the border becomes a crucial national issue. The purpose of this study is to design the development of potential areas owned by Natuna Regency. Based on the results of the location quotient analysis, the base sectors in Natuna Regency are the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sectors. The results of the Shift-Share analysis, there are five leading sectors, namely 1) Mining and Quarrying; 2) Processing Industry; 3) Construction; 4) Wholesale and Retail Trade, and Repair of Cars and Motorcycles; and 5) Government Administration, Defense and Mandatory Social Security. Based on the results of the Inverse Distance Weighted analysis, the pattern of regional development focuses on four growth poles locations, namely Ranai, Kelarik, Strait, Midai, and Serasan. As a district with a special military zone, the development of the Natuna Regency requires synchronization between the potential of the region's natural resources, the regional government, the national army, the private sector and the community.
Attributing the extent of changes in vegetation cover which are the result of human actions or of climate variability is challenging. The Negev Desert, bordered by two countries and the Palestinian ...Authority and crossing three climate zones, provides a natural laboratory for unveiling the impact of land practices on natural vegetation. Desert vegetation on both sides of the border was traditionally subject to herds grazing and bush gathering, but in recent decades; grazing policy, military training areas, and nature protection have excluded traditional uses. We used remotely sensed derived proxies of vegetation (the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and surface albedo from satellite images inside and outside of the large exclosures to estimate the anthropogenic impact on vegetation cover in the past four decades, and ultimately isolate the effect of traditional land uses on vegetation cover. Our results showed that the cross-border differences in land use led to a significant impact on vegetation cover outside the exclosed areas. These cross-border differences were more pronounced in the semi-arid - arid climate regions and decreased in the hyper-arid climate region. Exclosures provide a natural experiment which enables us the testing of the factors driving changes in natural vegetation.
•We analyzed the impact of exclosures (borders and army bases) on desert vegetation.•We quantified proxies of vegetation cover using time series of MODIS and Landsat.•Cross-fence differences in traditional land use significantly impacted vegetation.•Cross-fence differences decreased in the hyper-arid climate region.
Global matrices of bilateral migrant stocks spanning 1960–2000 are presented, disaggregated by gender and based primarily on the foreign-born definition of migrants. More than one thousand census and ...population register records are combined to construct decennial matrices corresponding to the five census rounds between 1960 and 2000. For the first time, a comprehensive picture of bilateral global migration over the second half of the 20th century emerges. The data reveal that the global migrant stock increased from 92 million in 1960 to 165 million in 2000. Quantitatively, migration between developing countries dominates, constituting half of all international migration in 2000. When the partition of India and the dissolution of the Soviet Union are accounted for, migration between developing countries is remarkably stable over the period. Migration from developing to developed countries is the fastest growing component of international migration in both absolute and relative terms. The United States has remained the most important migrant destination in the world, home to one fifth of the world's migrants and the top destination for migrants from some 60 sending countries. Migration to Western Europe has come largely from elsewhere in Europe. The oil-rich Persian Gulf countries emerge as important destinations for migrants from the Middle East and North Africa and South and Southeast Asia. Finally, although the global migrant stock is predominantly male, the proportion of female migrants increased noticeably between 1960 and 2000. The number of women rose in every region except South Asia.
This article presents the results of a study on the effectiveness of carrying out community service (a penalty for committing a crime or misdemeanour which entails performing work f or social ...purposes) and social work (where a fine can be converted into such work if the obligated person cannot pay it) by perpetrators of criminal acts related to the smuggling of goods. For the purposes of the current study, punishments consisting of work were defined as effective when they remained unchanged and were carried out as community service. The study found that if punishment in the form of work was applied to them, perpetrators of smuggling-related crimes or offences performed such work far more often than perpetrators of other criminal acts who were subjected to the same punishment (93.8% v. 65.1%). Moreover, it was established that criminal acts related to the smuggling of goods are committed equally often by women and by men (in this category of criminal acts, women comprised 46.2% of perpetrators, with the mean for all criminal acts and petty offences taken into account in the current study being 15%). The article concludes that the present results may suggest that perpetrators of such criminal acts or petty offences treat them as a way to gain additional income. This is evidenced, for example, by the fact that many people had more than one sentence to serve for committing a criminal act related to smuggling.
► The question of a bounded territory as a parameter for authority and rights has entered a new phase. ► The complex city is a new frontier zone for global corporate capital and for those who lack ...power. ► Cities are one of the key sites where new norms and new identities are made.
This viewpoint argues that today’s frontier zone – a strategic frontier zone for global corporate capital as much as for those who lack power – is located deep inside our large cities.
Do citizens that live close to the border of another European country feel more European? We suggest that border proximity affects European identity formation, but that the positive effect of border ...proximity is confined largely to areas where citizens live close to regions with better quality of government and lower levels of corruption. Using our newly collected individual level and post-coded data from the most recent wave of the European Quality of Government survey, covering over 129,000 respondents in all 27 European Union member countries, we show that citizens that live close to the border of another country express a stronger European identity, all things being equal. Yet the effect is driven largely by citizens that live adjacent to regions with relatively higher/lower quality of government compared to their own region. Our study thereby contributes to a closer understanding of where and why citizens become attached to Europe, and if and how benchmarking institutional performance and quality of government affect citizens’ willingness to belong to, and identify with, Europe.
Growth discontinuities at borders Pinkovskiy, Maxim L.
Journal of economic growth (Boston, Mass.),
06/2017, Letnik:
22, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
I document the existence of discontinuities in short- and long-term growth rates of satellite-recorded nighttime lights per capita across national borders, with growth rates of nighttime lights ...increasing abruptly as one crosses a border from a slower-growing country into a faster-growing one. I show that growth discontinuities are not driven by any special set of borders, or by differences in geographic and climatic conditions on the different sides of borders. I investigate multiple explanations for growth discontinuities, including differences in the determinants of growth across borders and differences in the extent to which borders form barriers to flows of goods, capital or people. I present evidence that differences in the quality of the rule of law are consistently helpful in explaining differences in growth between two countries at their border, and conclude that national-level variables such as institutions and policies may have rapid and important effects on growth.
Se analizan las formas de reorganización del “yo” de mujeres migrantes a partir de un estudio sobre la migración peruana en la ciudad chilena de Arica, en la frontera entre Chile y Perú. Luego de ...describir el contexto sociohistórico de la ciudad, detallaré la propuesta metodológica desarrollada para el estudio. De la mano de la perspectiva transnacional de los estudios de la migración, analizaré algunas consideraciones teóricas fundamentales sobre el concepto de simultaneidad, definiéndolo como una relación dialéctica en tres dimensiones, a partir de las cuales, se articulan formas contradictorias de subjetividad. Para ilustrar mis reflexiones, relataré ejemplos de situaciones y diálogos del trabajo de campo que evidencian las formas particulares de la construcción del “yo” por parte de mujeres migrantes, discutiendo su producción simultánea y transnacional.
The paper analyses the modes of reorganization of the “self” of migrant women in a study about the Peruvian migration in the Chilean city of Arica, in the border area between Chile and Peru. After describing the social and historical context of the city, I will detail the methodology developed for the study. Following the perspective of transnational migration studies, I will analyze some fundamental theoretical considerations on the concept of simultaneity, which will be defined as a dialectical relationship in three dimensions. To illustrate my reflections, I will narrate examples of situations and dialogues of the fieldwork which evidence the particular “self” constructions of Peruvian migrant woman. Through these examples, I will discuss the simultaneous and transnational production of migrant “selves”.
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