In Libraries in Russia, the author, Valerii Leonov, pursues the history of the first Russian national library, the Library of the Russian Academy of Science (Bibliotheca Akademii Nauk, short: BAN), ...from the beginning of the 18th century to the present. The library was founded by Peter the Great in 1714 and served as a model for the foundation of further libraries during the 18th century. This historical description is based on extensive historical and bibliographic material, including unique archive material, which is edited here for the first time. The title will be of interest to all in the humanities and everyone interested in Russian history and culture.
This is Vol III -- in 6 Chpts -- of a larger work. Vol I appeared in 1963 entitled SCIENCE IN RUSSIAN CULTURE: A HISTORY TO 1860 (see SA 20:3/72F5295); Vol II, describing the period 1861-1971, ...appeared in 1970 (see SA 20:3/72F5294). The Introduction places the work within the tradition of the sociology of science. It is contended that philosophy is the major branch of knowledge whose function in the USSR is "to serve as a bridge between ideology & science." Soviet ideology "is one with & inseparable from science" with philosophers functioning as defenders of ideology. The most dramatic pages of the history of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (SAS) are those describing the "conflict between the scientists as the guardians of the universal scientific legacy, & the philosophers as defenders of the ideology." The effect of this conflict is the central theme of the vol. Chpt (1) Ancestry -- begins with the legacy of Peter I, on to the age of Lomonozov, the Enlightenment & the revolution. (2) The Search for New Identity (1918-1928) -- describes the decisions to end the Proletkul't campaign & maintain the separateness between scientific & industrial bodies & the establishment of separate research institutes under the SAS. (3) The Forging of a Soviet Institution (1929-1940) -- details the Sovietization of the Academy, the use of dialectical materialism to give a unified view of nature in support of the hard sciences & as a basis of the theory & history of the social sciences; & the pressures created by Stalin's purges. (4) The Triumph of Ideology (1941-1953) -- outlines the SAS's search for autonomy, & the war on ideological impurities & cosmopolitanism. (5) The Thaw and the Scientific and Technological Revolution (1954-1970) -- describes the technological revolution, & the growth of the SAS & its reconstituted authority. (6) Science and Changing Values -- points to the struggle against Lysenkoism, towards a broader autonomy of scholarship, & outlines the controversies & accomplishments in the areas of science & philosophy, science & ethics, & science & art. Notes.
W artykule zwrócono uwagę na zawodność kryterium odległości nauk w ocenie polisemii terminologicznej w świetle rozwoju nauk. Kryterium to w ujęciu H. Jadackiej (trzy stopnie wieloznaczności) i E. ...Grodzińskiego (polisemia dobra i zła) decyduje o wyróżnieniu dopuszczalnej polisemii terminologicznej. Okazuje się ono jednak mylące, co udowodniono w artykule na przykładzie terminów z medycyny i weterynarii. To jest dziedzin, które do końca XVIII w. rozwijały się jako jedna nauka, a dziś stanowią oddzielne dyscypliny, w dodatku należące do dwóch różnych zespołów nauk. Zastosowanie kryterium odległości nauk przy charakterystyce (diachronicznej i synchronicznej) terminologii może spowodować, że polisemia tego samego terminu (np. bielmo) może być odmiennie oceniana na różnych etapach rozwoju danej nauki (tu: medycyny i weterynarii).
W artykule zwrócono uwagę na zawodność kryterium odległości nauk w ocenie polisemii terminologicznej w świetle rozwoju nauk. Kryterium to w ujęciu H. Jadackiej (trzy stopnie wieloznaczności) i E. ...Grodzińskiego (polisemia dobra i zła) decyduje o wyróżnieniu dopuszczalnej polisemii terminologicznej. Okazuje się ono jednak mylące, co udowodniono w artykule na przykładzie terminów z medycyny i weterynarii. To jest dziedzin, które do końca XVIII w. rozwijały się jako jedna nauka, a dziś stanowią oddzielne dyscypliny, w dodatku należące do dwóch różnych zespołów nauk. Zastosowanie kryterium odległości nauk przy charakterystyce (diachronicznej i synchronicznej) terminologii może spowodować, że polisemia tego samego terminu (np. bielmo) może być odmiennie oceniana na różnych etapach rozwoju danej nauki (tu: medycyny i weterynarii).
Since the number of academic specializations and disciplines has consistently been increasing, it has become necessary to supplement present classifications and categorizations, as well as come up ...with new ones, on a regular basis. Therefore, it has become feasible to distinguish a new branch of science as well as to assign the existing disciplines to different branches. It is owing to such a process that political sciences have been reassigned in Poland. Before September 30, 2011, political sciences had been categorized as the humanities, but later on they were encompassed by a new branch of social sciences, created as a result of the division of the humanities. I adopt the thesis that this decision was substantially justified since, given current legal status quo, political sciences as a discipline have more in common with other disciplines assigned to social sciences than the humanities. Additionally, by way of developing a new register of disciplines, the administrative divisions in Polish science were to a large extent aligned with the classification of branches and disciplines adopted by the OECD, UNESCO and Eurostat, which will facilitate the internationalization of academic collaboration. The above organizations and institutions, and – consequently – some of their member states, have already divided the humanities, sometimes also named social sciences, into two separate branches: social sciences and humanities. In order to justify the above‑mentioned thesis it was necessary to determine how academic specialization, discipline, branch and field of science are perceived today; to indicate the determinants of divisions in science and basic criteria for such divisions; to attempt to define the specific nature of the humanities versus social sciences; and to present the factors confirming the relation of political science to the latter category.
Zarządzanie – nauka normatywna czy opisowa? Grzegorz Jokiel; Maj a Jokiel
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu,
02/2024, Letnik:
67, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
W artykule przedstawiono różne spojrzenia na koncepcje, funkcje i metody badawcze nauk o zarządzaniu i jakości. Główną tezą artykułu jest stwierdzenie, że nauki o zarządzaniu mają charakter ...normatywny. Celem jest wskazanie, że inne podejścia: opisowe, pragmatyczne, empiryczne itp., zakładające istnienie obiektywnej rzeczywistości organizacyjnej oraz uniwersalnych, zewnętrznych praw naukowych w nauce o zarządzaniu, są zbytnim uproszczeniem i nie powinny być stosowane w badaniach organizacji. Autorzy wskazują też na normatywny charakter założeń leżących u podstaw badań opisowych, co w konsekwencji uniemożliwia obiektywizację badań, neutralną postawę badacza czy abstrahowanie od sądów wartościujących.
A higher academic degree that could be earned in the Polish People’s Republic was that of a doctor of a given branch of science (until 1951) or a doctor of science (1951–1958). These degrees were ...conferred pursuant to diff erent legislative acts of varying importance including an act of parliament, a decree, an order, a regulation or a statute, all of them governing the regime and the functioning of schools of higher education and other establishments of tertiary education. While the legal provisions applicable to the conferral of academic degrees were relatively stable in the intitial postwar years (and were subject to the same law binding in 1924–1952 with only minor amendments), the law adopted in 1951 introduced more revolutionary changes. Based on the Soviet model, they virtually broke with the Polish tradition of higher academic degrees.During the analysed period, alongside the reforms in the conferral of degrees, also the requirements and conditions for candidates for a higher academic degree were changing. Likewise, organs participating in the process, operating within the organisational structures of the establishments as well as those outside their structures, were a subject to change. Hence an attempt in this article to answer the following questions: (1) for whom was the right to register candidates for a doctor’s degree reserved, (2) what was the level of participation of the central organs in the process, and what was the level of involvement of the establishments of higher education and other scientifi c institutions (as of 1951), (3) who could apply for registration and what were the regulations governing the whole process, and whether (4) the communist regulations governing the process of the conferral of academic degrees actually added to their importance and the academic advancement or rather acted to the contrary.An important element in the analysis was identifi cation of the legally formulated and applied requirements which doctoral dissertations had to meet, as well as examination of the grades or evaluations given by reviewers of doctoral dissertations in years 1945–1951 and 1952- 1958.
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